[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":1439},["Reactive",2],{"learnSearchMainIds-en-/learn/transducers/loadcell_basic":3,"learnSearch-en-/learn/transducers/loadcell_basic":11,"learn-search-en-transducers-loadcell_basic-false":1427},[4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"hal8ft23b1","misalignment_effect","measurement","sensors","sensitivity_decrease","conversion","acquisition",[12,21,41,76,94,101,205,318,341,350,359,380,392,407,416,431,440,492,501,510,523,547,556,565,573,643,666,686,695,704,727,759,842,860,878,913,936,959,992,1017,1044,1079,1096,1121,1134,1153,1166,1175,1188,1227,1236,1245,1254,1263,1286,1295,1304,1313,1323,1336,1345,1354,1363,1373,1382,1391,1400,1409,1418],{"category":13,"title":15,"id":4,"learnsearch_type":16},[14],"ひずみゲージの基礎情報","What's a Strain Gage",[17],{"fieldId":18,"url":19,"external_link":20},"link","/en/special/learn/strainbasic_course/",false,{"category":22,"title":23,"id":24,"learnsearch_type":25},[14],"Self-Temperature-Compensation Gages（SELCOM Gages）","selcom_gages",[26],{"fieldId":27,"body":28},"detail",[29,32,35,37,39],{"fieldId":30,"content":31},"rich_text","\u003Cp>When receiving a temperature change, a strain gage bonded to a measuring object generates an apparent strain due to a difference in linear expansion coefficient between the measuring object and the resistive element of the strain gage, and a thermally-induced resistance change of the gage element. The SELCOM gage has a resistance temperature coefficient of the resistive element adjusted to match with the measuring object, thereby minimizing the apparent strain.\u003Cbr>Kyowa's SELCOM gages have been adjusted so that, when they are bonded to suitable measured materials, the average value of the apparent strain in the self-temperature-compensation range is within ±1.8 μm/m per ℃* (representative value).\u003Cbr>As shown in Fig. 7, the thermally-induced apparent strain of KFGS gages is within ±1 μm/m per ℃* in a temperature range of 20 to 40℃ in which they are most frequently used.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>* Representative value. For details, see the "Thermal Output" data attached with the products.\u003C/p>",{"fieldId":33,"title":34},"contents_heading_M","Typical characteristic curve of thermally-induced apparent strain with KFGS gages",{"fieldId":30,"content":36},"\u003Cp>\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/a69285261a814022a734877fcd10fc64/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"460\">\u003C/figure>",{"fieldId":33,"title":38},"Principles of Self-Temperature-Compensation Gages (SELCOM Gages)",{"fieldId":30,"content":40},"\u003Cp>The measuring object and the resistive element of the strain gage have linear expansion coefficients β\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sub\">S\u003C/span> and β\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sub\">g\u003C/span> , respectively. The strain gage bonded on the surface of the object provides a thermally-induced apparent strain ε T per 1°C that is expressed with the following equation:\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/f5bf558e04ed4b5b8e612a116a731837/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"422\" height=\"114\">\u003C/figure>\u003Cp>Self-temperature-compensation strain gages are designed to adjust the resistive temperature coefficient of their resistive elements to match the linear expansion coeffcient of the measuring objects in order to get εT close to zero. When bonded to a suitable material, KYOWA's self-temperature-compensation gage (SELCOM gage) minimizes apparent strain in the compensated temperature range to ±1.8 μm/m/°C (Graph below shows apparent strain output of 3-wire strain gages).\u003C/p>",{"category":42,"title":43,"id":44,"learnsearch_type":45},[14],"Strain Gage Wiring System","wiring",[46],{"fieldId":27,"body":47},[48,50,54,56,58,62,64,66,67,69,71,73,74],{"fieldId":30,"content":49},"\u003Cp>A strain gage Wheatstone bridge is configured with a quarter, half, or full bridge according to the measuring purpose. The typical wiring systems are shown in Figs. 4,5 and 6.\u003C/p>",{"fieldId":51,"link_name":52,"link_url":53},"textlink_pat2_blank","How to Form Strain Gage Bridges Circuits (eBook)","https://kyowa-ei.meclib.jp/library/books/kg-en/book/index.html#target/page=7-11",{"fieldId":33,"title":55},"Quarter-bridge system (1-gage system)",{"fieldId":30,"content":57},"\u003Cp>With the quarter-bridge system, a strain gage is connected to one leg of the bridge and a fixed resistor is connected to each of the other 3 legs. This system will be easily configured, and thus it is widely used for general stress or strain measurement. The quarter-bridge 2-wire system shown in Fig. 4 is largely affected by leads. Therefore, if a big temperature change is expected or if the lead-wire length is long, then the quarter-bridge 3-wire system shown in Fig. 4 must be used. For the quarter-bridge 3-wire system, See "Compensation Methods of Temperature Effect of Lead Wires".\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/ebe98a4a84c64f24bd3091279e9bd2a1/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"360\">\u003C/figure>",{"fieldId":59,"link_name":60,"link_url":61},"textlink_pat2_normal","Compensation Methods of Temperature Effect of Lead Wires (3-wire System)","/en/learn/strain-gages/3_wire_system",{"fieldId":33,"title":63},"Half-bridge system (2-gage system)",{"fieldId":30,"content":65},"\u003Cp>With the Half-bridge system, 2 strain gages are connected to the bridge, one each to adjacent or opposite legs with fixed resistors inserted in the other legs. See Figs. 5-1 and 5-2. There is the activedummy system, where one strain gage serves as a dummy gage for temperature compensation, and the active-active system, where both gages serve as active gages. The half-bridge system is used to eliminate strain components other than the target strain; according to the measuring purpose, 2 gages are connected to the bridge in different ways. For details, See "How to Form Strain-gage Bridge Circuits"\u003C/p>",{"fieldId":51,"link_name":52,"link_url":53},{"fieldId":30,"content":68},"\u003Cp>\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/788798f9fd184fdea57efa8f6aeb844d/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"520\">\u003C/figure>",{"fieldId":33,"title":70},"Full-bridge system (4-gage system)",{"fieldId":30,"content":72},"\u003Cp>See Fig. 6. The full-bridge system has 4 strain gages connected one each to all 4 legs of the bridge. This circuit ensures large output of strain-gage transducers, improves temperature compensation and eliminates strain components other than the target strain. For details, see "How to Form Strain-gage Bridge Circuits"\u003C/p>",{"fieldId":51,"link_name":52,"link_url":53},{"fieldId":30,"content":75},"\u003Cp>\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/12d7b63e38d1451b8f504d60108aae86/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"290\">\u003C/figure>",{"category":77,"title":78,"id":79,"learnsearch_type":80},[14],"Principles of Strain Gages","principles",[81],{"fieldId":27,"body":82},[83,84,86,88,90,92],{"fieldId":33,"title":78},{"fieldId":30,"content":85},"\u003Cp>If external tensile force or compressive force increases or decreases, the resistance proportionally increases or decreases. Suppose that original resistance R changes by ΔR because of strain ε: the following equation is set up.\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/41c3fbe44f5a4906aa9c831d6020c866/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"130\" height=\"60\">\u003C/figure>\u003Cp>Where, Ks is a gage factor, expressing the sensitivity coefficient of strain gages. General-purpose strain gages use copper-nickel or nickel-chrome alloy for the resistive elements, and the gage factor provided by these alloys is approximately 2.\u003C/p>",{"fieldId":33,"title":87},"Types of Strain Gages",{"fieldId":30,"content":89},"\u003Cp>Types of strain gages are classified into foil strain gages, wire strain gages, and semiconductor strain gages, etc.\u003C/p>",{"fieldId":33,"title":91},"Structure of a Strain Gage",{"fieldId":30,"content":93},"\u003Cp>The foil strain gage has metal foil on the electric insulator of the thin resin, and gage leads attached, as shown in Fig. 1 below.\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/95d367ddb8d6435d99252d1c66f52db9/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"294\">\u003C/figure>\u003Cp>The strain gage is bonded to the measuring object with a dedicated adhesive. Strain occurring on the measuring site is transferred to the strain sensing element via adhesive and the resin base. For accurate measurement, the strain gage and adhesive should be compatible with the measuring material and operating conditions such as temperature, etc.\u003C/p>",{"category":95,"title":96,"id":97,"learnsearch_type":98},[14],"Strain gage bonding installation procedure","43d8yuiik_l",[99],{"fieldId":18,"url":100,"external_link":20},"/en/learn/online/strain_gages_01",{"category":102,"title":103,"id":104,"learnsearch_type":105},[14],"Strain Gages with Pre-attached Lead-wire Cables","leadwire",[106],{"fieldId":27,"body":107},[108,115,128,130,132,134,136,138,142,143,144,147,148,149,152,154,162,164,168,170,181,183,188,192,195,198,201,204],{"fieldId":109,"image":110,"copy":114},"img_right",{"url":111,"height":112,"width":113},"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/767241a8967d48ed99d85e9363bcd675/learn_strain-gages_leadwire_01_en.jpg",480,852,"Most KYOWA strain gages come with lead wires attached. Using these types of gages eliminates the need for soldering and is an effective means of reducing the amount of work required for gage attachment. The lead wire type and length vary by gage, as shown below.",{"fieldId":116,"anchor_link":117},"anchor_link",[118,122,125],{"fieldId":119,"link_name":120,"link_id":121},"anchor_link_link","Lineup","anc01",{"fieldId":119,"link_name":123,"link_id":124},"Examples of vinyl-coated flat wire to connect gages","anc02",{"fieldId":119,"link_name":126,"link_id":127},"Connecting section of lead wires","anc03",{"fieldId":129,"link_target_id":121},"anchor_link_target",{"fieldId":131,"title":120},"contents_heading_L",{"fieldId":30,"content":133},"\u003Ctable>\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Models of strain gage\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>KFGS, KFRB, KFRPB, KFRS, KFP, KFLB, KFEL, KFEM\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>KFGS, KFRB, KFRPB, KFRS, KFP, KFLB\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Cth colspan=\"4\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>KFGS, KFRB, KFWB, KFWS, KC, KFRPB, KFRS, KFP, KFEL, KFEM\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\">\u003Cp>Type of lead-wire cables\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"3\">\u003Cp>2 polyester-coated copper wires\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"3\">\u003Cp>3 polyester-coated copper wires\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\">\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/e40e43e1fb8b41fc9570f84ff068bb8f/learn_strain-gages_leadwire_02.jpg\" alt=\"2線式平行ビニル線\" width=\"300\" height=\"80\">\u003C/figure>\u003Cp>Vinyl-coated flat 2-wire cables\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\">\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/667f075576674667b042cc163c874733/learn_strain-gages_leadwire_03.jpg\" alt=\"3線式平行ビニル線\" width=\"300\" height=\"80\">\u003C/figure>\u003Cp>Vinyl-coated flat 3-wire cables\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Uniaxial\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Multiaxial\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Uniaxial\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Multiaxial\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"6\">\u003Cp>Lengths of lead-wire cable\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>10 cm\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>N10C2\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>N10C3\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>─\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>─\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>─\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>─\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>15 cm\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>N15C2\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>N15C3\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>L15C2R\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>L15C2S\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>L15C3R\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>L15C3S\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>30 cm\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>N30C2\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>N30C3\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>L30C2R\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>L30C2S\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>L30C3R\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>L30C3S\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>1 m\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>N1M2\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>N1M3\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>L1M2R\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>L1M2S\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>L1M3R\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>L1M3S\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>3 m\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>─\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>─\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>L3M2R\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>L3M2S\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>L3M3R\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>L3M3S\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>5 m\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>─\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>─\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>L5M2R\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>L5M2S\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>L5M3R\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>L5M3S\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Models, etc.\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Twisted for ≥ 50 cm\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>L-6, L-9 for ≥ 6 m\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>L-7, L-10 for ≥ 6 m\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Coating color\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>KFEL, KFEM are only 2-wire system.\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/0a3f6f09dab14a6292bd562ed459d9d8/learn_strain-gages_leadwire_04_en.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"170\">\u003C/figure>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/3355eddec14e45898c515d9d97b49d5e/learn_strain-gages_leadwire_05_en.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"170\">\u003C/figure>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003C/tbody>\u003C/table>",{"fieldId":30,"content":135},"\u003Ctable>\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Models of strain gage\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Cth colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>KFGS, KFRB, KFRPB, KFRPB, KFLB\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>KFNB, KFSB\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>KFRPB, KFHB、KFLB\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>KFU\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>KFHB\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\">\u003Cp>Type of lead-wire cables\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\">\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/f4e1fd9bdc7c46a0bab352ef98468448/learn_strain-gages_leadwire_06.jpg\" alt=\"Mid-temperature 2-wire cable\" width=\"300\" height=\"80\">\u003C/figure>\u003Cp>Mid-temperature 2-wire cable\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\">\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/f77f763b2ac04d49bfd917928a7d2c18/learn_strain-gages_leadwire_07.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"80\">\u003C/figure>\u003Cp>Mid-temperature 3-wire cable\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\">\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/7fb47c381c814087b928fae8f34685a2/learn_strain-gages_leadwire_08.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"80\">\u003C/figure>\u003Cp>Vinyl-coated normal-temperature low-noise 3-wire cable\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\">\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/8c584451a3034a72b5e683a511fd460d/learn_strain-gages_leadwire_09.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"80\">\u003C/figure>\u003Cp>Fluoroplastic coated high/low-temp. 3-wire cable\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\">\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/06fcdb47c03740909b446782278e4561/learn_strain-gages_leadwire_10.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"80\">\u003C/figure>\u003Cp>High-temperature 3-wire cable\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\">\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/4bc0b3f9d8ad4243bae530ae31dd81a5/learn_strain-gages_leadwire_11.jpg\" alt=\"3線式高低温用ふっ素樹脂線\" width=\"300\" height=\"80\">\u003C/figure>\u003Cp>Fluoroplastic coated high/low-temperature 3-wire cable\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"6\">\u003Cp>Lengths of lead-wire cable\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>10 cm\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>N10C2\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>N10C3\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>─\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>─\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>─\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>─\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>15 cm\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>R15C2\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>R15C3\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>J15C3\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>F15C3\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>E15C3\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>A15C3\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>30 cm\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>R30C2\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>R30C3\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>J30C3\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>F30C3\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>E30C3\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>A30C3\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>1 m\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>R1M2\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>R1M3\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>J1M3\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>F1M3\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>E1M3\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>A1M3\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>3 m\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>R3M2\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>R3M3\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>J3M3\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>F3M3\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>E3M3\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>A3M3\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>5 m\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>R5M2\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>R5M3\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>J5M3\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>F5M3\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>E5M3\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>A5M3\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Models, etc.\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>L-11\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>L-12\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>L-13\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>L-3\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>L-18\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>L-19\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Coating color\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/575b2fefc5844739b53f5277f0a1992e/learn_strain-gages_leadwire_12_en.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"170\">\u003C/figure>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/b8751233edb34faf948fd3f4f54925ed/learn_strain-gages_leadwire_13_en.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"170\">\u003C/figure>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/b8751233edb34faf948fd3f4f54925ed/learn_strain-gages_leadwire_13_en.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"170\">\u003C/figure>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/4965898bfd4a4babb519f971dbfcee72/learn_strain-gages_leadwire_14_en.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"170\">\u003C/figure>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/94eb6d1564cb4895999638550e8477c7/learn_strain-gages_leadwire_15_en.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"170\">\u003C/figure>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/b8751233edb34faf948fd3f4f54925ed/learn_strain-gages_leadwire_13_en.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"170\">\u003C/figure>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003C/tbody>\u003C/table>",{"fieldId":30,"content":137},"\u003Cul>\u003Cli>For other lead-wire cable lengths, contact us.\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Specifications are for individual strain-gages. For details please contact us.\u003C/li>\u003Cli>For 2-wire gages, the gage resistance indicated on the package includes that of the lead-wires.\u003C/li>\u003Cli>For 3-wire gages, the gage resistance indicated on the package is only for the gage itself, and does not include that of the lead-wires.\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Encapsulated gages are provided standard with an MI cable 2 m long and a soft cable 50 cm long.\u003C/li>\u003Cli>KFB, KFV, KSPB, KSNB, KSPH, KSPLB, KV: Gages with pre-attached lead-wire cable are not available.\u003C/li>\u003C/ul>",{"fieldId":139,"button_name":140,"button_url":141},"buttonlink_primary","Inquiry form","/en/inquiry",{"fieldId":129,"link_target_id":124},{"fieldId":131,"title":123},{"fieldId":51,"link_name":145,"link_url":146},"View details in the Digital book","https://kyowa-ei.meclib.jp/library/books/kg-en/book/index.html#target/page=1-48",{"fieldId":129,"link_target_id":127},{"fieldId":131,"title":126},{"fieldId":150,"paragraph":151},"p_M","The gage lead section of some types is sandwiched or wrapped with the glass-cloth tape for insulation and reinforcement. (See the figures below.)",{"fieldId":33,"title":153},"Type A (Strain gage with fluoroplastic-coated high/low-temperature 3-wire cable)",{"fieldId":155,"title_left":156,"image_left":157,"caption_left":161},"img_2column","For KFHB",{"url":158,"height":159,"width":160},"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/42b8c58a4ec74d9094dbaaa2969e20c0/learn_strain-gages_leadwire_18_en.jpg",486,864,"*The above picture is KFHB-5-120-C1-11",{"fieldId":33,"title":163},"Type E (Strain gage with high-temperature 3-wire cable)",{"fieldId":155,"title_left":165,"image_left":166},"For KFU",{"url":167,"height":159,"width":160},"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/0fb7977a75324968bd6d233d3098131b/learn_strain-gages_leadwire_17_en.jpg",{"fieldId":33,"title":169},"Type F (Strain gage with fluoroplastic-coated high/low-temp. 3-wire cable)",{"fieldId":155,"title_left":171,"image_left":172,"caption_left":174,"copy_left":175,"title_right":176,"image_right":177,"caption_right":179,"copy_right":180},"For KFHB, KFRPB",{"url":173,"height":159,"width":160},"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/617418ff78534fafa0b5e54d5f00ab8d/learn_strain-gages_leadwire_20_en.jpg","*The above picture is KFRPB-5-120-C1.","*1 KFHB: Advance ribbon cables","For KFLB",{"url":178,"height":159,"width":160},"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/5f6ac10eac5d4fd38df67e35ea6a7d80/learn_strain-gages_leadwire_19_en.jpg","*The above picture is KFLB-5-120-C1-11.","*Polyester-coated copper wire operating temp. -196 to 150°C",{"fieldId":33,"title":182},"Type R (Strain gage with mid-temperature 3-wire cable)",{"fieldId":155,"title_left":184,"image_left":185,"caption_left":187},"For KFGS, KFRB, KFRPB, KFRS, KFLB",{"url":186,"height":159,"width":160},"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/78f885bd68934549926704f7ab6ed10f/learn_strain-gages_leadwire_16_en.jpg","*The above picture is KFGS-5-120-C1-11.",{"fieldId":189,"link_name":190,"link_url":191},"textlink_pat1_normal","KCW","/en/products/strain-gages/type-kcw",{"fieldId":189,"link_name":193,"link_url":194},"KH","/en/products/strain-gages/type-kh",{"fieldId":189,"link_name":196,"link_url":197},"KM","/en/products/strain-gages/type-km",{"fieldId":189,"link_name":199,"link_url":200},"KMP","/en/products/strain-gages/type-kmp",{"fieldId":189,"link_name":202,"link_url":203},"If the lead wire cable is separately selected, click:","/en/products/accessories/type-l",{"fieldId":139,"button_name":140,"button_url":141},{"category":206,"title":207,"id":208,"learnsearch_type":209},[14],"Strain Gage","strain_gages_pickup",[210],{"fieldId":27,"body":211},[212,221,223,224,226,228,230,238,240,242,244,261,263,279,281,297,299,301,303,310,312,314,316],{"fieldId":213,"image":214,"copy":218,"link":219,"url":220},"img_left",{"url":215,"height":216,"width":217},"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/f1a8c04addcb4125b72d475d083fb27c/learn_transducers_sensors_strain-gages.png",342,608,"Strain gages are sensors that detect slight mechanical dimension changes (strain) as electrical signals.\nKyowa manufactures strain gages suitable for a wide variety of measurement environments, including environments from high to extremely low temperatures, and environments underwater or in hydrogen gas.","Search products","/en/products/strain-gages",{"fieldId":51,"link_name":145,"link_url":222},"https://kyowa-ei.meclib.jp/library/books/kg-en/book/index.html#target/page=1-3",{"fieldId":131,"title":87},{"fieldId":150,"paragraph":225},"There are several types of strain gages, such as foil strain gages, wire strain gages, and semiconductor strain gages. Features vary by type, and certain strain gages are best used for specific measuring targets and in certain environments. ",{"fieldId":30,"content":227},"\u003Ch3 id=\"had010b2cae\">Foil Strain Gages\u003C/h3>\u003Cp>These make use of a resistance foil several μm thick (Cu-Ni alloy or Ni-Cr alloy) and a sensing element.\u003Cbr>Photo-etching technology makes it possible to manufacture products with accurate dimensions and uniform characteristics. There is a wide variety of products available, and foil strain gages are often use for generalpurpose strain measurement.\u003C/p>\u003Ch3 id=\"h23b1a55177\">Wire Strain Gages\u003C/h3>\u003Cp>These make use of a thin resistance wire (Cu-Ni alloy or Ni-Cr alloy) and a sensing element.\u003Cbr>They are used for special-purpose gages, such as concrete gages with long gage lengths.\u003C/p>\u003Ch3 id=\"h3d6cf48ceb\">Semiconductor Strain Gages\u003C/h3>\u003Cp>These use monocrystals such as silicon as the sensing element and have a gage factor at least 10 times that of a standard foil strain gage. This allows them to detect slight strain, making them suitable for use as highly sensitive sensor elements. They are also used to measure impact waveforms.\u003Cbr>However, they have a greater temperature effect and worse output linearity compared with foil strain gages, so there are certain restrictions on their usage.\u003C/p>",{"fieldId":33,"title":229},"Kyowa's Typical General-purpose Foil Strain Gages – KFGS Series",{"fieldId":213,"image":231,"copy":235,"link":236,"url":237},{"url":232,"height":233,"width":234},"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/dba1b994a7ca4d2dbbc3a78b9c1f0708/kfgs_keyvisual_01.png",1284,1926,"Kyowa's typical strain gages are KFGS series.\nEach strain gage in KFGS series features an outstanding moisture resistance and exhibits the power in field measurement too. Unless any waterdrop is splashed on it, no coating is required. Thus, KFGS strain gages can be used for various purposes.","View more","/en/products/strain-gages/type-kfgs",{"fieldId":131,"title":239},"Strain Gages Suitable for Individual Purposes and Environmental Conditions",{"fieldId":150,"paragraph":241},"According to customers’ needs, KYOWA has developed various strain gages. Introduced below are typical ones.",{"fieldId":33,"title":243},"Typical Strain Gages designed with environmental conditions taken into consideration",{"fieldId":245,"title_left":246,"image_left":247,"caption_left":249,"link_left":236,"url_left":250,"title_middle":251,"image_middle":252,"caption_middle":254,"link_middle":236,"url_middle":255,"title_right":256,"image_right":257,"caption_right":259,"link_right":236,"url_right":260},"img_3column","Measurement at down to −269°C",{"url":248,"height":233,"width":234},"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/4531aeb0d5ff41dfab83a5af55684273/kflb_keyvisual_01.png","KFLB","/en/products/strain-gages/type-kflb","Measurement at up to 650°C",{"url":253,"height":233,"width":234},"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/78cbf9d5eee8469cad3c634ad3dced32/khcm_keyvisual_01.png","KHCM","/en/products/strain-gages/type-khcm","Measurement under hydrogen gas environment",{"url":258,"height":233,"width":234},"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/3ac11532ae5f4f92a7ec32fe000f4b6d/kfv_keyvisual_01.png","KFV","/en/products/strain-gages/type-kfv",{"fieldId":33,"title":262},"Typical Strain Gages with measuring purposes taken into consideration",{"fieldId":245,"title_left":264,"image_left":265,"caption_left":267,"link_left":236,"url_left":268,"title_middle":269,"image_middle":270,"caption_middle":272,"link_middle":236,"url_middle":273,"title_right":274,"image_right":275,"caption_right":277,"link_right":236,"url_right":278},"Measurement of material deformation by 20 to 30%",{"url":266,"height":233,"width":234},"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/0c1820f9e342452caba6336e91c7f26c/kfem_keyvisual_01.png","KFEM","/en/products/strain-gages/type-kfem","Measurement of bolt axial tension  ",{"url":271,"height":233,"width":234},"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/78908f5284ef4672b85ed4ff82ea9571/kfb_keyvisual_01.png","KFB","/en/products/strain-gages/type-kfb","Measurement of progress of crack",{"url":276,"height":233,"width":234},"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/76a89c2fc716431fa9cc999ff407ead9/kv_keyvisual_01.png","KV","/en/products/strain-gages/type-kv",{"fieldId":33,"title":280},"Typical Strain Gages with target materials taken into consideration",{"fieldId":245,"title_left":282,"image_left":283,"caption_left":285,"link_left":236,"url_left":286,"title_middle":287,"image_middle":288,"caption_middle":290,"link_middle":236,"url_middle":291,"title_right":292,"image_right":293,"caption_right":295,"link_right":236,"url_right":296},"For concrete",{"url":284,"height":233,"width":234},"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/f7508aaa003642d187c6860ae569011f/kc_keyvisual_01.png","KC","/en/products/strain-gages/type-kc","For composite materials",{"url":289,"height":233,"width":234},"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/0913a023237e4e63b64ba68ffe16051f/kfrpb_keyvisual_01.png","KFRPB","/en/products/strain-gages/type-kfrpb","For printed boards",{"url":294,"height":233,"width":234},"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/78f1f1b54ccb423c90452ce47047f47b/kfrs_keyvisual_01.png","KFRS","/en/products/strain-gages/type-kfrs",{"fieldId":150,"paragraph":298},"KYOWA provides many other strain gages for a variety of applications. \nCheck them by clicking Search Strain Gages",{"fieldId":59,"link_name":300,"link_url":220},"Search Strain Gages.",{"fieldId":131,"title":302},"Strain-gage Model Name Coding System",{"fieldId":304,"image":305,"copy":309},"img_1column_L",{"url":306,"height":307,"width":308},"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/d144a2f92fa04d6fb924c5696f5da8b4/learn_transducers_strain_gages_pickup_02_en.jpg",972,1728,"*We also manufacture strain gages according to the customer's measurement purpose.\n*Combination of codes is limited and impossible to choose menu options at random.",{"fieldId":131,"title":311},"To Ensure Safe Usage",{"fieldId":30,"content":313},"\u003Cul>\u003Cli>After opening a foil strain gage, store it in a dry environment such as a desiccator.\u003C/li>\u003Cli>When attaching a gage, wear protective glasses to prevent adhesive from entering the eyes, and be sure to follow the instructions in the instruction manual when working.\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Characteristics listed in encapsulated gage catalogs and specification drawings are merely for reference and will vary depending on operating conditions such as the temperature effect. To increase measurement accuracy, we recommend running a pretest on the actual equipment and then compensating based on the results.\u003C/li>\u003C/ul>",{"fieldId":131,"title":315},"Important Notice",{"fieldId":150,"paragraph":317},"The strain gages on this catalog cannot be used in hydrogen environments, except for products indicated for use in hydrogen gas environments.",{"category":319,"title":320,"id":321,"learnsearch_type":322},[14],"How to Select Strain Gages","selection_chart",[323],{"fieldId":27,"body":324},[325,327,329,331,333,335,337,339],{"fieldId":33,"title":326},"Selection based on measuring object material and measurement environment",{"fieldId":30,"content":328},"\u003Cul>\u003Cli>Strain gages for general stress measurement\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Strain gages for composite materials, printed boards, plastics and rubber\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Strain gages for ultra-small strain measurement (semiconductor strain gages)\u003C/li>\u003Cli>High temperature strain gages\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Low temperature strain gages\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Nonmagnetoresistive gages\u003C/li>\u003C/ul>",{"fieldId":33,"title":330},"Selection based on labor-saving effects",{"fieldId":30,"content":332},"\u003Ch4 id=\"hc5ccc4d109\">Strain gages with leadwire cable preattached\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>Since a leadwire cable such as vinyl-coated flat cable is preattached in an appropriate length, these strain gages ensure quick and labor-saving installation. For combinations of strain gages and leadwire cables, refer to individual strain gage descriptions.\u003C/p>\u003Ch4 id=\"h73fa9a36be\">Waterproof strain gages\u003C/h4>\u003Cp>The resin-covered surface makes these strain gages waterproof and require no coating treatment.\u003C/p>",{"fieldId":33,"title":334},"Selection based on gage length",{"fieldId":30,"content":336},"\u003Ctable>\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Major Applications\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Gage Length (mm)\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Strain measurement on mortar, concrete, etc.\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>30 to 120\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Strain measurement on lumber, glass, etc.\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>5\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Strain measurement on general metals, acryl, etc.\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>1 to 6\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Concentrated stress measurement\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>0.15 to 2\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Strain measurement in narrow space\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>0.2 to 1\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Measurement of quickly-changing strain such as impact-initiated strain\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>0.2 to 1\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003C/tbody>\u003C/table>",{"fieldId":33,"title":338},"Selection based on gage resistance",{"fieldId":30,"content":340},"\u003Ctable>\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Resistance\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Applications\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>60Ω\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Bending stress compensation\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>120Ω\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>General stress measurement\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>350 to 1000Ω\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Transducers\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003C/tbody>\u003C/table>",{"category":342,"title":344,"id":6,"learnsearch_type":345},[343],"ひずみの測定","Principles of Strain Measurement",[346],{"fieldId":27,"body":347},[348],{"fieldId":30,"content":349},"\u003Cp>Strain-initiated resistance change is extremely small. Thus, for strain measurement a Wheatstone bridge is formed to convert the resistance change to a voltage change. Suppose in Fig. 3 resistances (Ω) are R\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sub\">1\u003C/span>, R\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sub\">2\u003C/span>, R\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sub\">3\u003C/span> and R\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sub\">4\u003C/span> and the excitation voltage (V) is E. Then,the output voltage e\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sub\">o\u003C/span> (V) is obtained by the following equation:\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/dede77f50a6447eaa53dc2c9a518e80c/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"205\" height=\"41\">\u003C/figure>\u003Cp>Suppose the resistance R\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sub\">1\u003C/span> is a strain gage and it changes by ΔR due to strain. Then, the output voltage is,\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/1612d79ac4d848a2b9fea9fbceae7f86/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"240\" height=\"41\">\u003C/figure>\u003Cp>If R\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sub\">1\u003C/span> = R\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sub\">2\u003C/span> = R\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sub\">3\u003C/span> = R\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sub\">4\u003C/span> = R in the initial condition,\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/c06596c306744840b2299bee8d1f5364/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"188\" height=\"43\">\u003C/figure>\u003Cp>Since R may be regarded extremely larger than ΔR,\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/f4d1bd472024460986050d7fd7f90155/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"275\" height=\"39\">\u003C/figure>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>\u003Cbr>Thus obtained is an output voltage that is proportional to a change in resistance, i.e. a change in strain. This microscopic output voltage is amplified for analog recording or digital indication for strain measurement.\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/01c0843a6b3c4c1197d134da731ad100/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"510\">\u003C/figure>",{"category":351,"title":352,"id":353,"learnsearch_type":354},[343],"Methods of Obtaining Magnitude and Direction of Principal Stress (Rosette Analysis)","kfgs_rosetteanalysis",[355],{"fieldId":27,"body":356},[357],{"fieldId":30,"content":358},"\u003Cp>Generally, if the direction of principal stress is uncertain in structure stress measurement, a triaxial rosette gage is used and measured strain values are calculated in the following equation to find the direction of the principal stress. (The following equation is only for specified angle triaxial rosette gages.)\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/ea116f8447784663a296c8b57b8eadb3/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"370\" height=\"301\">\u003C/figure>\u003Cp>Precautions in Analysis\u003C/p>\u003Col>\u003Cli>Regard ε\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sub\">a\u003C/span>→ε\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sub\">b\u003C/span>→ε\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sub\">c\u003C/span> as the forward direction.\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Angle θ is:\u003Cul>\u003Cli>Angle of the maximum principal strain to the ε\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sub\">a \u003C/span>axis when ε\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sub\">a\u003C/span> >ε\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sub\">c\u003C/span>\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Angle of the minimum principal strain to the ε\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sub\">a\u003C/span> axis when ε\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sub\">a\u003C/span><ε\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sub\">c\u003C/span>\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Comparison between ε\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sub\">a \u003C/span>and ε\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sub\">c\u003C/span> in magnitude includes plus and minus signs.\u003C/li>\u003C/ul>\u003C/li>\u003C/ol>\u003Cp>Max. principal strain\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/a480ae436993435bbad93e42ec0dfab5/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"630\" height=\"120\">\u003C/figure>\u003Cp>Min. principal strain\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/6bb1a3a68130457daa6f7b10cb12446b/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"630\" height=\"120\">\u003C/figure>\u003Cp>Direction of principal strain （from ε\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sub\">a\u003C/span> axis）\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/944f57713044470d971e56fa1768a497/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"630\" height=\"120\">\u003C/figure>\u003Cp>Max. shearing strain\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/e47ff230978a4836bf841a1192549d3c/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"630\" height=\"120\">\u003C/figure>\u003Cp>Max. principal stress\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/c929a9548d844c9bb272cb46602ef8e0/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"630\" height=\"120\">\u003C/figure>\u003Cp>Min. principal stress\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/b0e9806ad32e404c91c35423f4772233/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"630\" height=\"120\">\u003C/figure>\u003Cp>Max. shearing stress\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/ba16ed503e014d6ea017efef71da794c/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"630\" height=\"120\">\u003C/figure>\u003Cp>ν：Poisson's ratio\u003Cbr>E:Young's modulus\u003C/p>",{"category":360,"title":361,"id":362,"learnsearch_type":363},[343],"Torsional and Shearing Stress Measurement of Axis","axis",[364],{"fieldId":27,"body":365},[366,368,370,372,374,376,378],{"fieldId":30,"content":367},"\u003Cp>When an object is twisted, shearing stress τoccurs. At the same time, tensile stress and compressive stress, which are equivalent to the shearing stress, occur in 2 directions inclined by 45° from the axial line.\u003Cbr>In measurement of axial twist under simple shearing stress condition, a strain gage does not directly measure the shearing stress. Instead, a strain gage detects tensile or compressive strain resulting from tensile or compressive stress simultaneously generated with the shearing stress. These stress conditions on a surface of axis are illustrated below.\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/b0456d9922ca43fe915df744a8228bc4/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"431\" height=\"193\">\u003C/figure>\u003Cp>Shearing stress γ is defined as illustrated below, and the magnitude is calculated through the following equation:\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/21b67ed6fc75497ba4abf97e2db5766f/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"370\" height=\"293\">\u003C/figure>\u003Cp>When the axis is twisted, point A moves to point B, thereby initiating torsional angle θ .\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/9dc61bd0147d4aeaade73c5f0fe34575/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"118\" height=\"52\">\u003C/figure>",{"fieldId":33,"title":369},"Stress Measurement with Quarter-bridge System",{"fieldId":30,"content":371},"\u003Cp>Bond the strain gage on the twisted axis in the direction inclined by 45° from the axial line. The relation between strain ε and stress σ are expressed with the following equation to calculate tensile or compressive stress σ :\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/45f1195de71c4621ad6a340f05f47842/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"427\" height=\"189\">\u003C/figure>",{"fieldId":33,"title":373},"Stress Measurement with Half-bridge or Full-bridge System",{"fieldId":30,"content":375},"\u003Cp>Half-bridge or full-bridge system increases strain output by 2 (half-bridge system) or 4 times (full-bridge system), because each strain gage in the half-bridge or full-bridge system detects equal strain. To calculate true strain, divide measured strain by 2 (half-bridge system) or 4 (full-bridge system).\u003C/p>",{"fieldId":33,"title":377},"Application to Torque Measurement",{"fieldId":30,"content":379},"\u003Cp>Strain on the surface of the axis is proportional to the torque applied to the axis. Thus, the torque is obtained by detecting the strain on the surface. Shearing stress distributed on the lateral section is balanced with the applied torque T, establishing the following equation:\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/329a1c4f7a384b85af866d9970609f33/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"79\" height=\"17\">\u003C/figure>\u003Cp>where, Z\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sub\">p\u003C/span>: Polar modulus of section\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Converting shearing stress in the above equation to tensile strain produces an equation as follows:\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/e57907f3eb2d484aa6e45edba5401b7f/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"94\" height=\"34\">\u003C/figure>\u003Cp>The polar modulus of the section is specific to each shape of the cross-section as follows:\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/82dc48556ebe42c6b97689de7d8d49ce/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"430\" height=\"240\">\u003C/figure>\u003Cp>A strain gage torque transducer is designed using the above relational expression of ε\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">0\u003C/span>and T. Obtain ε\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">0 \u003C/span>from the allowable stress for the material, and determine the width d of the axis which is matched with the magnitude of the applied torque. Then, amplify the strain output with a strain amplifier and read the output voltage with a measuring instrument.\u003C/p>",{"category":381,"title":382,"id":383,"learnsearch_type":384},[343],"Strain, Stress, and Poisson's Ratio","what",[385],{"fieldId":27,"body":386},[387,389],{"fieldId":30,"content":388},"\u003Cp>When a material receives a tensile force P, it has a stress that corresponds to the applied force. In proportion to the stress, the cross section contracts and the length elongates by ΔL from the length L the material had before receiving the tensile force (see illustration in Fig. 1) below.\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/56fc6ea9ee23454dbc18b75a8d2252bb/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"480\">\u003C/figure>\u003Cp>The ratio of the elongation to the original length is called a tensile strain and is expressed as follows:\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/cb61e3c6e35d4057a9c6f3cee40848ac/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"304\" height=\"63\">\u003C/figure>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>See the lower illustration in Fig. 1. If the material receives a compressive force, it bears a compressive strain expressed as follows:\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/12ee90f8240643f4848f59aad40393d4/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"74\" height=\"36\">\u003C/figure>\u003Cp>For example, if a tensile force makes a 100 mm long material elongate by 0.01 mm, the strain initiated in the material is as follows:\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/855f4d99ed3442a49593282ae7356a6d/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"289\" height=\"36\">\u003C/figure>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>Thus, strain is an absolute number and is expressed with a numeric value with x10\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">-6\u003C/span> strain, με or μm/m suffixed.\u003Cbr>Based on Hooke's law, the relation between stress and the strain initiated in a material by an applied force is expressed as follows:\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/905e76a034f547d18b4943423595eb3c/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"323\" height=\"65\">\u003C/figure>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>Stress is thus obtained by multiplying strain by the Young's modulus. When a material receives a tensile force P, it elongates in the axial direction while contracting in the transverse direction. Elongation in the axial direction is called longitudinal strain and contraction in the transverse direction, transverse strain. The absolute value of the ratio between the longitudinal strain and transverse strain is called Poisson's ratio, which is expressed as follows:\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/1934c714936942cc8377b5883c3dafc5/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"403\" height=\"159\">\u003C/figure>\u003Cp>\u003Cbr>Poisson's ratio differs depending on the material.\u003C/p>",{"fieldId":51,"link_name":390,"link_url":391},"Mechanical Properties of Industrial Materials (eBook)","https://kyowa-ei.meclib.jp/library/books/kg-en/book/index.html#target/page=7-13",{"category":393,"title":394,"id":395,"learnsearch_type":396},[343],"Examples of Strain-gage Measurement of Tensile/Compressive Stress","measurement_strain_gage",[397],{"fieldId":27,"body":398},[399,401,403,405],{"fieldId":33,"title":400},"Quarter-bridge System (1-gage System)",{"fieldId":30,"content":402},"\u003Cp>See the figure below. If a strain gage is bonded on a surface of a pillar which receives uniform load from one direction and the gage axis is aligned to the direction, stress σ is calculated by the following equation :\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Stress (σ) = ε\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sub\">0\u003C/span> ・E\u003C/p>\u003Cp>where, E : Young's modulus (See table "Mechanical Properties of Industrial Materials" at the left.)\u003Cbr>ε\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sub\">0 \u003C/span>: Indicated strain\u003C/p>\u003Cp>And, the load W applied to the pillar is obtained by the following equation:\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Load W = A・σ\u003C/p>\u003Cp>where, A: Cross-sectional area of the pillar\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/de9724931bdd48f9ae09c76a6d42c88e/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"350\">\u003C/figure>",{"fieldId":33,"title":404},"Half-bridge System (2-gage System)",{"fieldId":30,"content":406},"\u003Cp>If another strain gage is bonded to the pillar at a right angle to the loading direction and 2 gages are connected to adjacent legs of the bridge, the surface stress σ on the pillar is expressed by the following equation:\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/637a4b89967b4751b5f59844d2c6005a/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"350\">\u003C/figure>\u003Cp>If another strain gage is bonded to the pillar at a right angle to the loading directions and 2 gages are connected to adjacent legs of the bridge, the surface stress σ on the pillar is expressed by the following equation:\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/933637ae3f1f4be985af51ee0ab6aba2/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"244\" height=\"37\">\u003C/figure>",{"category":408,"title":409,"id":410,"learnsearch_type":411},[343],"Equation of Strain on Beams","measurement_equation",[412],{"fieldId":27,"body":413},[414],{"fieldId":30,"content":415},"\u003Cp>Strain ε on beams is obtained by the following equation:\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/370e5dce9e4b413792c898eb48ced5ab/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"136\">\u003C/figure>\u003Cp>Typical shapes of beams, their bending moments M and section modulus Z are shown in Tables 1 and 2.\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/933c23860c1d405aa67599a6cbac782b/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"422\" height=\"504\">\u003C/figure>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/9e82e47b43a34cbeb3f03d5b5ac656ad/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"422\" height=\"450\">\u003C/figure>",{"category":417,"title":418,"id":419,"learnsearch_type":420},[343],"Bending Stress Measurement","bending_stress",[421],{"fieldId":27,"body":422},[423,425,427,429],{"fieldId":33,"title":424},"Quarter-bridge System",{"fieldId":30,"content":426},"\u003Cp>See the figure below. If a strain gage is bonded on the surface of a rectangular section of a cantilever of which one side end is fixed and load W is applied to another side, the surface stress σ which the bonded strain gage will detect is as follows :\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/170ff0aa7b5144dab3f7a89d7b944841/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"80\" height=\"20\">\u003C/figure>\u003Cp>Strain ε is obtained by the following equation:\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/693854cf55e842d892f41e1cd0e3eaf2/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"420\" height=\"340\">\u003C/figure>",{"fieldId":33,"title":428},"Half-bridge System (Adjacent-leg Bridge Connection)",{"fieldId":30,"content":430},"\u003Cp>As illustrated below, strain gages bonded symmetrically on the front and rear surfaces of the cantilever output positive and negative signals, respectively, with an equal absolute value. If these 2 gages are connected to adjacent legs of the bridge, the output of the bridge corresponding to the bending strain is doubled and the surface stress σ at the strain-gage bonding site is obtained by the following equation:\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/73965e5ab33644558ef5fd9870fc3a04/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"224\" height=\"40\">\u003C/figure>\u003Cp>The adjacent-leg active half-bridge system cancels out the output of the strain gage corresponding to the force applied in the axial direction of the cantilever.\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/ade1ed770b8e4e28a9b49f7b587f0a8f/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"230\">\u003C/figure>",{"category":432,"title":434,"id":5,"learnsearch_type":435},[433],"測定ノウハウ［ひずみゲージ］","Misalignment Effect of Bonding Strain Gage",[436],{"fieldId":27,"body":437},[438],{"fieldId":30,"content":439},"\u003Cp>Strain ε\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sub\">0\u003C/span> misaligned by angle θ from the direction of the principal strain ε\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sub\">1\u003C/span> is calculated by the following equation:\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/c0f31332e9b3417b9c53aebb5911de97/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"50\">\u003C/figure>\u003Cp>If ε\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sub\">2\u003C/span> = – νε\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sub\">1\u003C/span> (ν: Poisson's ratio) under the uniaxial stress condition,\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/ba3efa8f045641cab1b177e448c3192b/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"50\">\u003C/figure>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/3545928bec674ad2ac29e0a3207e0d47/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"200\">\u003C/figure>",{"category":441,"title":442,"id":443,"learnsearch_type":444},[433],"Strain Gage Bonding Procedure","bonding_procedure",[445],{"fieldId":27,"body":446},[447,449,456,461,466,471,476,481,487],{"fieldId":30,"content":448},"\u003Cp>The strain gage bonding method differs depending on the type of the strain gage, the applied adhesive and operating environment. Here, for strain measurement at normal temperatures in a room, we show how to bond a typical strain gage (leadwire-equipped KFGS gage) to a test piece (mild steel specimen) using quick-curing adhesive (cyanoacrylate adhesive CC-33A).\u003C/p>",{"fieldId":213,"title":450,"image":451,"copy":455},"Select strain gage.",{"url":452,"height":453,"width":454},"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/70e1b31eda7b44e69d1f5138cce2c400/img_index_001.gif",197,220,"Select the strain gage model and gage length which meet the requirements of the measuring object and purpose. For the linear expansion coefficient of the gage applicable to the measuring object, refer to Linear Expansion Coefficients of Materials.",{"fieldId":213,"title":457,"image":458,"copy":460},"Remove rust and paint.",{"url":459,"height":453,"width":454},"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/386c6e89187147bf8e09f8bea9aa3f50/img_index_002.gif","Using a sand cloth (#320), polish the strain-gage bonding site over a wider area than the strain gage size.\nWipe off paint, rust and plating, if any, with a grinder or sandblast before polishing.",{"fieldId":213,"title":462,"image":463,"copy":465},"Remove grease from bonding surface and clean.",{"url":464,"height":453,"width":454},"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/0cebe395d65a4758a3caa47fac9fea06/img_index_003.gif","Using an industrial tissue paper dipped in acetone, clean the gage bonding site. Strongly wipe the surface in a single direction to collect dust and then remove by wiping in the same direction.\nReciprocal wiping causes dust to move back and forth and does not ensure cleaning.",{"fieldId":213,"title":467,"image":468,"copy":470},"Decide bonding position.",{"url":469,"height":453,"width":454},"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/d102c19835024ecf9a76b04511cdd53e/img_index_004.gif","Mark the measuring site in the strain direction.\nUse a 4H pencil or a marking-off pin. When using a marking-off pin, take care not to deeply scratch the gage bonding surface.",{"fieldId":213,"title":472,"image":473,"copy":475},"Apply adhesive.",{"url":474,"height":453,"width":454},"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/8cdc3184bdd145bab40f73d72daaa286/img_index_005.gif","Ascertain the back and front of the strain gage.\nApply a drop of adhesive (CC-33A) to the back of the strain gage.",{"fieldId":213,"title":477,"image":478,"copy":480},"Bond strain gage.",{"url":479,"height":453,"width":454},"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/2bd195f3a7e84bb48508eac58cab4e4a/img_index_006.gif","After applying a drop of the adhesive, put the strain gage on the measuring site while lining up the gage reference line with the marking-off lines. Cover the strain gage with the accessory polyethylene sheet.",{"fieldId":213,"title":482,"image":483,"copy":486},"Press strain gage.",{"url":484,"height":485,"width":454},"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/34c6e4441ad2472388870cd5e4bf73a6/img_index_007.gif",196,"Press it over the sheet with a thumb. Quickly perform steps ⑤ to ⑦ as a series of actions.",{"fieldId":213,"title":488,"image":489,"copy":491},"Complete bonding work.",{"url":490,"height":453,"width":454},"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/7930ea31382649f684d419e4673ed73b/img_index_008.gif","After pressing the strain gage with a thumb for one minute or so, remove the polyethylene sheet and make sure the strain gage is securely bonded.\nThe above steps complete the bonding work. However, good measurement results are available after 60 minutes of complete curing of the adhesive.",{"category":493,"title":494,"id":495,"learnsearch_type":496},[433],"Influence of Insulation Resistance","insulation_resistance",[497],{"fieldId":27,"body":498},[499],{"fieldId":30,"content":500},"\u003Cp>Insulation resistances of strain gages including lead wires do not affect measured values if they are higher than 100 MΩ. However, if they change drastically during measurements, errors may occur in measured values.\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/c1953fd7a90641f5a3ab0d1d845c8f83/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"400\">\u003C/figure>\u003Cp>If the insulation resistance descends from r\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sub\">1 \u003C/span>to r\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sub\">2\u003C/span> in the figure above, error strain ε is :\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/5826e5782f924c3caa6e415b80d45981/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"190\" height=\"65\">\u003C/figure>\u003Cp>For example,\u003Cbr>R\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sub\">g\u003C/span> = 120Ω (Resistance of strain gage)\u003Cbr>K\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sub\">s\u003C/span> = 2.00 (Gage factor of strain gage)\u003Cbr>r\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sub\">1 \u003C/span>= 1000 M (Original insulation resistance)\u003Cbr>r\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sub\">2\u003C/span> = 10 MΩ (Changed insulation resistance)\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Then, the error strain is approximately -6 μ­m/m.\u003Cbr>Such error is no matter in general strain measurement. In practice, however, if insulation resistance is lowered, r\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sub\">2\u003C/span> is not constant and be drastically changed due to environment change, such as temperature and humidity. In addition, it is impossible to specify insertion place of insulation resistance, r, in circuit. Thus, be careful about influence of insulation resistance.\u003C/p>",{"category":502,"title":503,"id":504,"learnsearch_type":505},[433],"Temperature Effect on Lead Wire with 2-wire System","temperature_effect",[506],{"fieldId":27,"body":507},[508],{"fieldId":30,"content":509},"\u003Cp>※120Ω gage\u003C/p>\u003Ctable>\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Lead wire Model\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Cross-section (mm\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">2\u003C/span>)\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Reciprocating Resistance of 1 m long Lead wire (Approx.) (Ω)\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Apparent Strain\u003Cbr>※ with 1m Extension(Approx.) (μm/m℃)\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>L-5\u003Cbr>L-9\u003Cbr>L-6\u003Cbr>N (Polyester-coatedcoppercable)\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>0.5\u003Cbr>0.11\u003Cbr>0.08\u003Cbr>0.015\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>0.07\u003Cbr>0.32\u003Cbr>0.44\u003Cbr>2.24\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>1.14\u003Cbr>5.19\u003Cbr>7.12\u003Cbr>35.7\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003C/tbody>\u003C/table>\u003Cp>Thermally-induced apparent strain ε\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sub\">r\u003C/span> (μm/m per °C) is calculated by the following equation.\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/e84e92c872724ed7b06c251f8679acf0/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"470\">\u003C/figure>",{"category":511,"title":512,"id":513,"learnsearch_type":514},[433],"Countermeasures against Failure in Initial Balance (Resistant Balance)","r_balance",[515],{"fieldId":27,"body":516},[517,519,521],{"fieldId":30,"content":518},"\u003Cp>When bonding a strain gage to a curved surface or when using a semiconductor gage providing a wide resistance range, initial balance may not be taken occasionally. As an emergency countermeasure against such the case, there is a parallel resistance method described below.\u003Cbr>Insert the following parallel resistance Rp into the bridge:\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Rp = R・Rg / | R – Rg |\u003C/p>\u003Cp>where,\u003Cbr>Rg : Resistance of strain gage\u003Cbr>R : Nominal resistance of bridge\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The side of the bridge to which the parallel resistance is inserted is the opposite side of the strain gage if Rg is larger than R, meanwhile the adjacent side if Rg is smaller than R.\u003C/p>",{"fieldId":33,"title":520},"In the case of R=120Ω",{"fieldId":30,"content":522},"\u003Ctable>\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Resistance Difference from R (+Ω)\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>0.6\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>1.2\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>1.8\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>2.4\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>3.0\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Rp (kΩ)\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>24.1\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>12.1\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>8.1\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>6.1\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>4.9\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003C/tbody>\u003C/table>\u003Cp>Precaution: When using resistors of E24 system\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/c90696122f3049508cadf5f81ca28c21/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"510\">\u003C/figure>\u003Cp>Precaution : Avoid inserting Rp to the side where the strain gage is connected. Such connection adversely affects the sensitivity.\u003C/p>",{"category":524,"title":525,"id":526,"learnsearch_type":527},[433],"Compensation formulas for strain gage measurements","compensation_method",[528],{"fieldId":27,"body":529},[530,532,534,536,538,540,542,545],{"fieldId":33,"title":531},"Compensation Method of Different Gage Factors",{"fieldId":30,"content":533},"\u003Cp>If the gage factor of the strain gage (2.00) is different from that of the strain amplifier, the real strain ε can be obtained by the following equation:\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/12c37922eccd49ae99b1aa0d5a135258/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"270\" height=\"74\">\u003C/figure>",{"fieldId":33,"title":535},"Compensation Methods of Nonlinearity Error of Quarter-bridge System",{"fieldId":30,"content":537},"\u003Cp>An error of nonlinearity in high-elongation strain measurement with quarter-bridge system is found by calculating true strain ε in the following equation:\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/c4e5b04fca824e8db421d694891f5f53/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"390\" height=\"280\">\u003C/figure>",{"fieldId":33,"title":539},"Compensation Methods of Effect of Lead Wire Extension",{"fieldId":30,"content":541},"\u003Cp>If the lead wire or cable is extended with the quarter-bridge or half-bridge system, additional resistance is initiated in series to the strain gage, thereby decreasing the apparent gage factor. For example, if a 10 m long lead wire with 0.3 mm\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">2 \u003C/span>conductors is used, the gage factor decreases by 1%. In the case of the full-bridge system (transducer), the extension decreases the excitation voltage too. In these cases, the real strain ε is obtained by the following equation. (Supposing the gage factor Ks is 2.00):\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/5093db6a51ef44b6a42e4190b58f6b65/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"434\" height=\"130\">\u003C/figure>",{"fieldId":543,"title":544},"contents_heading_S","Lead wire resistance values",{"fieldId":30,"content":546},"\u003Ctable>\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Cross Section\u003Cbr>(mm\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">2 \u003C/span>)\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Number of Standards/Wire Diam.(mm)\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Reciprocating Resistance per 10 m(Ω)\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Remarks\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>0.08\u003Cbr>0.11\u003Cbr>0.3\u003Cbr>0.5\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>7/Φ0.12\u003Cbr>10/Φ0.12\u003Cbr>12/Φ0.18\u003Cbr>20/Φ0.18\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>4.4\u003Cbr>3.2\u003Cbr>1.2\u003Cbr>0.7\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>L-6\u003Cbr>L-9\u003Cbr>L-2\u003Cbr>L-5\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003C/tbody>\u003C/table>",{"category":548,"title":549,"id":550,"learnsearch_type":551},[433],"Resistance Change of Strain Gages Bonded to Curved Surfaces","resistance_change",[552],{"fieldId":27,"body":553},[554],{"fieldId":30,"content":555},"\u003Cp>The strain ε occurring on the resistive element of a strain gage bonded to a curved surface may be expressed by the following equation:\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/88c8b05dad284bff9f893a6980902b35/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"420\" height=\"80\">\u003C/figure>\u003Cp>For example, if a uniaxial KFGS gage, of which the gage base including the adhesive layer is 0.015 mm thick, is bonded to a curved surface of r = 1.5 mm, the strain gage already receives strain of approximately 5000 μm/m.\u003Cbr>If the gage factor Ks is 2.00, and the gage resistance is 120 Ω,\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Since R/R = ε・Ks\u003C/p>\u003Cp>ΔR = 5000 × 10\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">-6\u003C/span> × 2 × 120\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Resistance increases by approximately 1.2 Ω.\u003Cbr>If the gage is bonded inside the curve, the resistance decreases.\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/1a1a4e3433544c898f8d346e8dc5b87d/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"360\" height=\"270\">\u003C/figure>",{"category":557,"title":558,"id":559,"learnsearch_type":560},[433],"Generating Calibration Value Based on Tip Parallel Resistance Method","calibration_value",[561],{"fieldId":27,"body":562},[563],{"fieldId":30,"content":564},"\u003Cp>When extending lead wires by several hundred meters or finding accurate calibration values, the tip parallel resistance method is adopted. The parallel resistance Rc can be calculated by the following equation:\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/575d632cddb9484d9278e31d9bffbba3/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"390\">\u003C/figure>\u003Ch2 id=\"h2f5c76ee82\">Examples of Calibration Strain Value and Resistance\u003Cbr>(R\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sub\">g\u003C/span> = 120Ω, gage factor K\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sub\">s\u003C/span> = 2.00)\u003C/h2>\u003Ctable>\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Calibration Strain Value ε\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">*1\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Resistance Rc (Approx.)\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>100 μm/m\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>600kΩ\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>200 μm/m\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>300kΩ\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>500 μm/m\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>120kΩ\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>1000 μm/m\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>60kΩ\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>2000 μm/m\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>30kΩ\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003C/tbody>\u003C/table>\u003Cp>*1 : The strain value is output as a negative value.\u003C/p>",{"category":566,"title":60,"id":567,"learnsearch_type":568},[433],"3_wire_system",[569],{"fieldId":27,"body":570},[571],{"fieldId":30,"content":572},"\u003Cp>For effective self-temperature-compensation, SELCOM gages adopt the quarter-bridge system. However, if the lead wire cable is the 2-wire system, strain output from the bridge is affected by the temperature effect of the lead wire. To avoid such adverse effect, the 3-wire system is adopted.\u003Cbr>If 3 lead wires are connected to a strain gage as shown below, a half lead wire resistance is applied to the adjacent side of a bridge to compensate for the temperature effect of lead wires in bridge output. The temperature effect of the lead wires connected to a measuring instrument outside of the bridge is ignored because the input impedance of the measuring instrument is high.\u003Cbr>As a precaution when using the 3-wire system, the 3 lead wires should be the same type, length, and cross-section to equalize temperature effects of each lead wire. If lead wires are directly exposed to sunlight, the coating color should also be the same.\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/61bcf4aec5a34775a1ec806ef39bf2f7/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"250\">\u003C/figure>",{"category":574,"title":576,"id":10,"learnsearch_type":577},[575],"測定器について","Measuring Instrument",[578],{"fieldId":27,"body":579},[580,582,584,586,588,590,598,600,605,607,609,610,612,614,636],{"fieldId":150,"paragraph":581},"The output of strain gages is extremely small, ranging from several μV to several mV, making it difficult to directly indicate or record this output.\nFor this reason, amplifiers are used to increase the minute electrical signals from strain gages by approximately 10000 times.\nFurthermore, since strain gages and strain gage sensors only change resistance in response to physical quantities and do not generate output voltage on their own, a power supply is necessary for providing voltage.\nOur company refers to the integrated unit consisting of this power supply, amplifier, and other auxiliary mechanisms as a \"strain measuring instrument.\"",{"fieldId":150,"paragraph":583},"Strain measuring instruments are broadly classified into two types according to the measuring target: static strain measuring instruments and dynamic strain measuring instruments, each used for different applications.\nAdditionally, they can be categorized into AC type and DC type based on the bridge method.",{"fieldId":51,"link_name":145,"link_url":585},"https://kyowa-ei.meclib.jp/library/books/kg-en/book/index.html#target/page=2-1",{"fieldId":131,"title":587},"Static Strain Measuring Instruments and Dynamic Strain Measuring Instruments",{"fieldId":33,"title":589},"Static Strain Measuring Instruments",{"fieldId":591,"image":592,"copy":596,"caption":597},"img_1column_M",{"url":593,"height":594,"width":595},"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/2458413e717d44568f5ad2aeed7271aa/learn_instruments_acquisition_01_en.jpg",576,1024,"These are used to measure phenomena where strain magnitude changes gradually over time.\nThese measuring instruments amplify the minute voltage signals detected by strain gages using high-performance electronic circuits and display the strain values on digital indicators for reading, printing, or saving to storage.\nStatic strain measurements often involve large-scale measurements with hundreds of measurement points, as seen in loading tests of large structures. To measure such numerous points with high accuracy, scanners are often used to sequentially switch between measurement points, though in recent years, instruments capable of high-precision simultaneous sampling have also emerged.","Left side: UCAM-80A Right side: NTB-100/200 Series",{"fieldId":33,"title":599},"Dynamic Strain Measuring Instruments",{"fieldId":591,"image":601,"copy":603,"caption":604},{"url":602,"height":594,"width":595},"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/13fb1374b3d344dbb7f36da274f36403/learn_instruments_acquisition_02.jpg","These are used to measure phenomena where strain magnitude changes with time over short periods, such as vibration or impact. Because dynamic phenomena such as vibration and impact change rapidly, making them difficult to read on displays, the amplified results are measured using recorders or data acquisition functions.\nDynamic strain measurements frequently involve analysis that includes time elements, and when conducting multipoint measurements, simultaneity of recording is required along with excellent response, stability, and signal-tonoise ratio.","Left side: CTRS-100 Series Right side: EDX-200A",{"fieldId":131,"title":606},"Dynamic Strain Amplifiers: AC and DC Types",{"fieldId":150,"paragraph":608},"Strain amplifiers are broadly classified into two types based on whether they use AC or DC for the bridge power\nsupply.\nAC types excel in accuracy and noise resistance, but capacitance effects appear in the bridge circuit, necessitating balancing of both resistance and capacitance components during initial balancing. Furthermore, the response frequency is limited by the AC frequency of the bridge power supply which makes handling somewhat complex.\nAC types are also called carrier wave systems.\nOn the other hand, DC types are simpler to operate and have excellent response characteristics, but are slightly inferior to AC types in terms of stability and noise resistance.",{"fieldId":131,"title":120},{"fieldId":150,"paragraph":611},"We classify measuring instruments into four main types:\nData loggers, amplifiers, indicators/displays, and handheld measuring instruments (checkers). It is important to select the product that is appropriate for your measurement targets and purposes.\nOur lineup of measuring instruments includes products offering various functions and performance capabilities to meet diverse needs.",{"fieldId":33,"title":613},"Category",{"fieldId":245,"title_left":615,"image_left":616,"caption_left":620,"copy_left":621,"link_left":236,"url_left":622,"title_middle":623,"image_middle":624,"caption_middle":627,"copy_middle":628,"link_middle":236,"url_middle":629,"title_right":630,"image_right":631,"caption_right":633,"copy_right":634,"link_right":236,"url_right":635},"Data Logger",{"url":617,"height":618,"width":619},"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/f59be461bc65450381bd7a514c396ac9/product-12.png",1280,1920,"UCAM-80A","These measuring instruments can record measured data in the main unit or on a PC.\nWe offer a wide lineup that includes high-speed to low-speed instruments and multi-channel options.","/en/learn/measuring-instruments/logger","Amplifier",{"url":625,"height":626,"width":233},"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/820db9334f6a494db448ccf1e53db390/s_dpm-910_series_keyvisual_01.png",856,"DPM-900 Series","These measuring instruments amplify the output of strain gage sensors. They output the amplified measurement values as analog voltage.","/en/learn/measuring-instruments/amplifiers","Indicator & Display",{"url":632,"height":626,"width":233},"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/40f38673bc8c461d83e155a9dea12bf6/wgc-220a_keyvisual_01_en.png","WGC-220 Series","These measuring instruments can display the physical quantity of the sensor output as numerical values and graphs. We also have products that are compatible with CC-Link and Ethernet/IP™.","/en/learn/measuring-instruments/conditioners",{"fieldId":245,"title_left":637,"image_left":638,"caption_left":640,"copy_left":641,"link_left":236,"url_left":642},"Handheld (Checker)",{"url":639,"height":626,"width":233},"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/b8163102adbe4fd5b9ac6e3aff25adb2/wds-500c-0e_keyvisual_01_en.png","WDS-500C","These are portable measuring instruments for field work. They are equipped with functions to check the input/output signals of measuring instruments and sensors, the insulation conditions of sensors, and so on.","/en/learn/measuring-instruments/handheld",{"category":644,"title":637,"id":645,"learnsearch_type":646},[575],"handheld",[647],{"fieldId":27,"body":648},[649,653,655,657,659,661,663,664],{"fieldId":213,"image":650,"copy":651,"link":219,"url":652},{"url":639,"height":626,"width":233},"Handheld measuring instruments (checker) are handy-sized and simple to operate.\nWe have measuring instruments that can be used not only to connect strain gage sensors but also to perform simple checks of sensors and measuring instruments.\nOur Handheld measuring instruments (checkers) that can collect data, so they can be used for not only checking but also various measurements.","/en/products/checkers",{"fieldId":51,"link_name":145,"link_url":654},"https://kyowa-ei.meclib.jp/library/books/kg-en/book/index.html#target/page=2-111",{"fieldId":131,"title":656},"Main Check Function",{"fieldId":30,"content":658},"\u003Ch3 id=\"hc058290bad\">IO Resistance Measurement\u003C/h3>\u003Cp>This check function measures the input/output resistance of a strain gage sensor. It can be used to confirm that there have been no major changes since installation, in order to check soundness.\u003C/p>\u003Ch3 id=\"hb34b1f4d61\">Insulation Resistance Measurement\u003C/h3>\u003Cp>This check function measures the insulation resistance of a strain gage sensor. In the general strain measurement, insulation resistances do not affect measured values if they are higher than 100 MΩ. However, if they decrease during measurement, error strain may occurs in measured value.\u003Cbr>\u003Ca href=\"/en/learn/strain-gages/insulation_resistance\">View more\u003C/a>\u003C/p>\u003Ch3 id=\"h93617e08d5\">Strain Output\u003C/h3>\u003Cp>This check function is capable of outputting the equivalent signal like the strain-gage sensor to measuring instrument. It can be used to easily check the soundness of a measuring instrument that would be difficult to check with the actual load, such as a large-capacity sensor.\u003C/p>",{"fieldId":131,"title":660},"Block Diagram",{"fieldId":30,"content":662},"\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/ec589bb699654c1084d860c764bbf654/learn_measuring-instruments_handheld_wds-500c_en.jpg?w=800&h=270\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"270\">\u003C/figure>",{"fieldId":131,"title":311},{"fieldId":150,"paragraph":665},"Check Function of Handheld (Checker) is used for daily inspection.",{"category":667,"title":668,"id":669,"learnsearch_type":670},[575],"Indicator ＆ Display","conditioners",[671],{"fieldId":27,"body":672},[673,677,679,681,683,684],{"fieldId":213,"image":674,"copy":675,"link":219,"url":676},{"url":632,"height":626,"width":233},"Indicators and displays are essential for industrial instrumentation, connecting with strain gage transducer to provide precise measurement of physical quantities like weight, force, pressure, displacement, and torque.\nThey also provide control and management interfaces (analog output, CC-Link, EtherNet/IP™, BCD, RS-232C/485) and a variety of functions including number/waveform comparison.\nKYOWA indicators and displays are used widely throughout a variety of industries to help automate production lines, labor saving, manage quality control, and manage safety.","/en/products/instrumentation-amplifiers",{"fieldId":51,"link_name":145,"link_url":678},"https://kyowa-ei.meclib.jp/library/books/kg-en/book/index.html#target/page=2-93",{"fieldId":131,"title":680},"Major Comparison and Judgment Functions",{"fieldId":30,"content":682},"\u003Ch3 id=\"h95676f7429\">Numerical comparison\u003C/h3>\u003Cp>This function compares display values and setting values, and then outputs and displays a signal if the setting value is exceeded.\u003Cbr>In addition to models that can be set for two points (upper limit, lower limit), KYOWA also offers a lineup of models that support four points (High-High Limit, High Limit, Low Limit, Low-Low Limit) or more.\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/94536652284543b79ae3d490749878ee/learn_measuring-instruments_conditioners_01_en.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"432\" height=\"98\">\u003Cfigcaption>Numerical comparison example\u003C/figcaption>\u003C/figure>\u003Ch3 id=\"h4e412a9f2a\">Waveform comparison\u003C/h3>\u003Cp>This function compares the upper limit waveform and lower limit waveform (red line) for the set input value (white line), and then outputs the results. Compared to the numerical comparison, the waveform comparison monitors the values continuously.\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/4ec0aa11dc6d4e33bb4891d9808e431d/learn_measuring-instruments_conditioners_02.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"432\" height=\"208\">\u003Cfigcaption>Waveform comparison example\u003C/figcaption>\u003C/figure>\u003Ch3 id=\"h193503750e\">Multi-zone judgment®\u003C/h3>\u003Cp>This function outputs a signal or displays information on a screen when the input value falls either outside or inside the range of a rectangle (green, orange, blue) formed from the specified Y-axis and X-axis.\u003Cbr>*Multi-zone judgment is a registered trademark of TEAC Corporation.\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/c47d105a1bb24351af9b0ad551289cc7/learn_measuring-instruments_conditioners_03.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"432\" height=\"270\">\u003Cfigcaption>Multi-zone judgment example\u003C/figcaption>\u003C/figure>",{"fieldId":131,"title":660},{"fieldId":30,"content":685},"\u003Ch3 id=\"heb9f715d31\">1-channel Type\u003C/h3>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/a661e4a9aab54c74afa58f9b6cc06c2e/learn_measuring-instruments_conditioners_wga-680a_en.jpg?w=800&h=300\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"300\">\u003C/figure>\u003Ch3 id=\"h2d94547afc\">2-channel Type\u003C/h3>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/61017720a8314f9e847c6b688bba5a6d/learn_measuring-instruments_conditioners_wgc-220-series_en.jpg?w=800&h=395\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"395\">\u003C/figure>\u003Cp>*Only setting values and error logs (WGC-220A only) can be saved to the SD card. Measured data cannot be saved.\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/8cc4fdb545fd4d19993dc8af39cb306e/learn_measuring-instruments_conditioners_wp-120a_en.jpg?w=800&h=390\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"390\">\u003C/figure>",{"category":687,"title":688,"id":689,"learnsearch_type":690},[575],"Principles of CST Method","cst_method",[691],{"fieldId":27,"body":692},[693],{"fieldId":30,"content":694},"\u003Cp>The CST (Capacitance Self Tracking) method is the KYOWA-developed method of electrically canceling any unbalanced capacitance constantly during measurement with the strain amplifier of AC bridge voltage system, automatically with no switch operation made. As shown in the block diagram below, the unbalanced capacitance detected by the C detecting circuit is inverted in phase by the drive and negation circuits. The inverted capacitance is added to the bridge output to negate the unbalanced capacitance. This method not only eliminates the need for troublesome initial adjustment of unbalanced capacitance of strain amplifiers using AC bridge voltage system but also cancels any unbalanced capacitance during measurement to solve the problem on unstable measurement due to unbalanced capacitance. It also enables use of higher-frequency AC bridge voltage and development of strain amplifiers featuring a frequency response at a maximum 10 kHz. \u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/4a62763213c3426ca607d8977c4c6c69/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"350\">\u003C/figure>",{"category":696,"title":697,"id":698,"learnsearch_type":699},[575],"Difference between Strain Amplifier and Signal Conditioner","strain_amplifier",[700],{"fieldId":27,"body":701},[702],{"fieldId":30,"content":703},"\u003Cp>Amplifiers for measurement of dynamic variables are available in 2 types: AC bridge excitation and DC bridge excitation. In Kyowa, amplifiers using AC bridge excitation is called Strain Amplifiers and amplifiers using DC bridge excitation, Signal Conditioners.\u003Cbr>\u003Cbr>Since the strain amplifiers have the bridge circuit affected by capacitive components, both resistive and capacitive components should be balanced at the initial adjustment. In addition, the AC frequency of the bridge voltage limits the frequency response to lower than the DC system. But the AC bridge voltage system provides higher sensitivity and is highly resistant against external noise, thereby making strain amplifiers excellent in SN ratio and zero stability and free from thermoelectromotive force. Thus, strain amplifiers are most frequently used for strain measurement with strain gages. Furthermore, current strain amplifiers adopt the CST method, which automatically balances capacitive components and requires no adjustment by the operator for improved operational efficiency.\u003Cbr>\u003Cbr>The signal conditioners using DC bridge excitation requires balance of resistive components only at the initial adjustment and provide higher frequency response but SN ratio and stability are inferior to the strain amplifiers. But the DC bridge voltage system provides higher output voltage than the AC bridge voltage system, and thus signal conditioners are frequently used for measurement with strain gage transducers.\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/e082df6911d44e9f923c8818bc4e69b8/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"317\" height=\"201\">\u003C/figure>",{"category":705,"title":623,"id":706,"learnsearch_type":707},[575],"amplifiers",[708],{"fieldId":27,"body":709},[710,714,716,718,720,722,724,725],{"fieldId":213,"image":711,"copy":712,"link":219,"url":713},{"url":625,"height":626,"width":233},"Amplifiers are measuring instruments that amplify output from a device such as a strain gage and perform analog output.\nThe three major types of KYOWA amplifiers are strain amplifiers, signal conditioners, and instrumentation amplifiers. Strain amplifiers use an AC bridge power supply. They are suitable for measuring small strain when high accuracy is required. Signal conditioners use a DC bridge power supply. They are suitable for measuring large strain when high accuracy is required.\nThe two types of signal conditioners are constant voltage systems and constant current systems. Constant current systems are suitable for measuring over an extension cable.\nInstrumentation amplifiers are cost-effective measuring instruments used to measure physical quantities together with a strain gage sensor (transducer).\n\nWe offer a range of conditioner card type measuring instruments where cards can be inserted into a dedicated unit base to support various kinds of measurements, as well as measuring instruments that\neliminate the need for wires between sensors and measurement unit.","/en/products/amplifiers",{"fieldId":51,"link_name":145,"link_url":715},"https://kyowa-ei.meclib.jp/library/books/kg-en/book/index.html#target/page=2-63",{"fieldId":131,"title":717},"Comparison of Strain Amplifiers and Signal Conditioners",{"fieldId":30,"content":719},"\u003Cp>The main features of major KYOWA strain amplifiers and signal conditioners are as follows.\u003C/p>\u003Ctable>\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Strain Amplifier (DPM-911B)\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Signal Conditioner (CDV-900A)\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Main Use\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>General strain measurement using a strain gage or sensor (transducer)\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Measurement using a sensor (transducer), high-frequency strain measurement\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Bridge Power Supply\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>AC\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>DC\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Frequency Response\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>DC to 2.5 kHz\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>DC to 500 kHz\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Max. Sensitivity (at 10 με input)\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>0.2 V (BV = 2 VACrms)\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>0.1 V (BV = 2 VDC)\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Noise\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Approx. 2 × 10\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">-6\u003C/span> strain\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sub\">p-p\u003C/span> (Set to 10 V output with BV = 2 Vrms, \u003Cbr>LPF = FLAT, 1000 × 10\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">-6\u003C/span> strain input)\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Approx. 40 × 10\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">-6\u003C/span> strain\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sub\">p-p\u003C/span> (Set to 10 V output with BV = 2 VDC,\u003Cbr>LPF = FLAT, 1000×10\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">-6\u003C/span> strain input)\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Affected by External Induction Noise\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Hardly\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Easily\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Zero Point Stability\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Temperature: Within ±0.1 × 10\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">-6\u003C/span> strain/°C\u003Cbr>Time: Within ±0.5 × 10\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">-6\u003C/span> strain/24 h\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Temperature: Within ±1 × 10\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">-6\u003C/span> strain/°C\u003Cbr>Time: Within ±5 × 10\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">-6\u003C/span> strain/24 h\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Nonlinearity\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Within ±0.1% FS\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Within ±0.01% FS\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003C/tbody>\u003C/table>",{"fieldId":131,"title":721},"To Ensure Proper Usage",{"fieldId":150,"paragraph":723},"A separate bridge box and bridge adapter are required to connect KYOWA amplifiers and strain gages.",{"fieldId":131,"title":660},{"fieldId":30,"content":726},"\u003Ch3 id=\"ha76342eb4b\">Mounting Type\u003C/h3>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/492924095fe0424a8eec425e97cd7aa9/learn_measuring-instruments_amplifiers_01_en.jpg?w=800&h=215\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"215\">\u003C/figure>\u003Ch3 id=\"h169f19eefc\">Wireless Type\u003C/h3>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/d571ad542e5c4ce19523475f20cbbf09/learn_measuring-instruments_amplifiers_02_en.jpg?w=800&h=395\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"395\">\u003C/figure>\u003Ch3 id=\"h7114e6f374\">Conditioner Card Type\u003C/h3>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/cca04c960122494bbcdf78e6227a1232/learn_measuring-instruments_amplifiers_03_en.jpg?w=800&h=645\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"645\">\u003C/figure>\u003Cp>*The software should be prepared by yourself. We have released the control commands.\u003C/p>",{"category":728,"title":615,"id":729,"learnsearch_type":730},[575],"logger",[731],{"fieldId":27,"body":732},[733,738,740,742,744,746,750,752,756,757],{"fieldId":213,"image":734,"copy":736,"link":219,"url":737},{"url":735,"height":159,"width":160},"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/999dc195985549e99cbba4517e5c8299/learn_measuring-instruments_logger_01.jpg","Data loggers are measuring instruments that record and process data from various measurement targets.\nOur data loggers support recording of not only analog signals such as those from strain gages, strain gage sensors (transducers), voltage, and temperature, but also digital signals such as CAN/CAN FD and GPS. We offer various products for different types of measurements, from small-scale measurements of a few channels to large-scale measurements of hundreds of channels, including static strain and dynamic strain measurements.\nMoreover, we also offer products that can wirelessly connect between measuring instruments and sensors, as well as between measuring instruments and PCs.","/en/products/data-loggers",{"fieldId":51,"link_name":145,"link_url":739},"https://kyowa-ei.meclib.jp/library/books/kg-en/book/index.html#target/page=2-3",{"fieldId":131,"title":741},"Scanning Methods and Synchronous Sampling of All Channels",{"fieldId":150,"paragraph":743},"Data Logger has two methods for multi-channel measuring.",{"fieldId":33,"title":745},"Scanning Methods",{"fieldId":213,"image":747,"copy":749},{"url":748,"height":159,"width":160},"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/a2042f9089474050b3ef14181a6c6692/learn_measuring-instruments_logger_02_en.jpg","This method sequentially switches and measures each measurement channel with a single measurement circuit. It is suitable for measuring static phenomena because it utilizes measurement circuits with excellent long-term stability and can reduce the unit price per channel.",{"fieldId":33,"title":751},"Synchronous Sampling of All Channels",{"fieldId":213,"image":753,"copy":755},{"url":754,"height":159,"width":160},"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/f73d6b69ccfd4ca8bbef969530e5bf4c/learn_measuring-instruments_logger_03_en.jpg","This method simultaneously measures all channels with multiple measurement circuits. It is suitable for measuring dynamic phenomena because simultaneity between channels is ensured.",{"fieldId":131,"title":660},{"fieldId":30,"content":758},"\u003Ch3 id=\"haf9c740901\">Compact Recorder CTRS-100 Series\u003C/h3>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/0901611a858c440d89062a30718a6e90/learn_measuring-instruments_logger_04_en.jpg?w=800&h=335\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"335\">\u003C/figure>\u003Ch3 id=\"h6b279ed443\">Data Logger UCAM-80A\u003C/h3>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/9fd65c8c4353438a8ed4a4b9047f1611/learn_measuring-instruments_logger_05_en.jpg?w=800&h=400\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"400\">\u003C/figure>",{"category":760,"title":762,"id":7,"learnsearch_type":763},[761],"センサ／変換器について","Sensor",[764],{"fieldId":27,"body":765},[766,768,771,773,778,780,789,791,793,794,795,809,826],{"fieldId":150,"paragraph":767},"There are two major types of KYOWA sensors.\nThe first type is strain gages, which detect slight mechanical changes (strain) as electrical signals.\nThe second type is strain gage sensors (transducers), which make use of strain gages to convert physical quantities (such as load, force, pressure, acceleration, vibration, displacement, or torque) into electrical signals.\nKyowa was the first company in Japan to produce and sell strain gages domestically, in 1951. Strain gages are used in a wide range of industries and fields, including moving objects such as machinery and vehicles, electricity, appliances, civil engineering construction, medical, and food products.\nStrain gage sensors (transducers) are also used for a wide variety of purposes, from research and development to production site work.",{"fieldId":51,"link_name":769,"link_url":770},"About Sensor (eBook)","https://kyowa-ei.meclib.jp/library/books/kg-en/book/index.html#target/page=1-1",{"fieldId":131,"title":772},"Strain Gages",{"fieldId":109,"image":774,"copy":776,"caption":78,"link":78,"url":777},{"url":775,"height":159,"width":160},"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/c9ec529c7dcc4ebbb131510ecaf3251e/learn_transducers_sensors_01_en.jpg","Strain gages make use of the fact that electrical resistance changes as a metal deforms.\nGenerally speaking, the amount of electrical resistance of a metal is in inverse proportion to the cross section and is proportional to the length.\nWhen a metal wire is pulled, its cross section decreases and its length increases, which increases electrical resistance.\nWhen it is compressed, its electrical resistance is reduced.\nElongation or shrinkage proportionally changes the electrical resistance of metal with the specific constant.\nIf the metal wire is firmly bonded to the material or structure to measure strain, the metal wire will elongate and shrink along with the structure. The change in electrical resistance can then be measured to determine the elongation or shrinkage (the strain) of the material or structure.","/en/learn/strain-gages/principles",{"fieldId":131,"title":779},"Strain Gage Sensors (Transducers)",{"fieldId":109,"image":781,"copy":785,"caption":786,"link":787,"url":788},{"url":782,"height":783,"width":784},"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/f08796bd3b3e4961983b7de07d742694/learn_transducers_sensors_loadcells_01_en.jpg",384,682,"Strain gage sensors convert various physical quantities into electrical signals. They are sometimes called transducers, because they convert a physical quantity (such as force, pressure, or acceleration) or strain acting on the strain generating part into an electrical signal.\nThe strain generating part converts an external physical quantity into mechanical strain that can be detected by the strain gage.\nFor example, a load cell is a type of sensor that measures load, and the strain generating part of this device is shaped like a metallic beam or column. This beam deforms slightly when a load is applied, and this deflection (strain) is detected by the strain gage.\nThe output of a strain gage sensor is the output of the strain gage, and so it must be converted into a physical quantity.","Typical Structure of Load Cells","Conversion of Strain Quantities (Voltage) Measured by Sensors into Proper Physical Quantities","/en/learn/transducers/conversion",{"fieldId":131,"title":790},"Relations between Sensor’s Rated Output in Voltage and in Strain Value",{"fieldId":30,"content":792},"\u003Cp>Rated output of KYOWA sensor (transducer) is stated in units of mV/V.\u003Cbr>In this case, it is listed mV value at rated capacity with 1 V of bridge excitation to the sensor.\u003Cbr>The rated output is also stated in strain value (×10\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">-6\u003C/span> strain) for the sake of convenience.\u003Cbr>In the expression of sensor output, the value of strain notation and voltage notation always have a relation of 2:1.\u003Cbr>E.g. 4000 [×10\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">-6\u003C/span> strain] = 2000 [μV/V] (2 mV/V)\u003C/p>",{"fieldId":131,"title":120},{"fieldId":33,"title":613},{"fieldId":245,"title_left":207,"image_left":796,"copy_left":797,"link_left":236,"url_left":798,"title_middle":799,"image_middle":800,"copy_middle":802,"link_middle":236,"url_middle":803,"title_right":804,"image_right":805,"copy_right":807,"link_right":236,"url_right":808},{"url":215,"height":216,"width":217},"Major measuring targets: Strain, residual stress, etc.","/en/learn/transducers/strain_gages_pickup","Load Cell",{"url":801,"height":216,"width":217},"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/388b683233204741bf3674a0f32b04fe/learn_transducers_sensors_01.png","Major measuring targets: Force (compression, tension), etc.","/en/learn/transducers/sensors_loadcells","Pressure Sensor",{"url":806,"height":216,"width":217},"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/b9d4ddef62634fe2a67533c4b3cb60c6/learn_transducers_sensors_02.png","Major measuring targets: Pressure (oil pressure, gas pressure, etc.)","/en/learn/transducers/sensors_pressure",{"fieldId":245,"title_left":810,"image_left":811,"copy_left":813,"link_left":236,"url_left":814,"title_middle":815,"image_middle":816,"copy_middle":818,"link_middle":236,"url_middle":819,"title_right":820,"image_right":821,"copy_right":824,"link_right":236,"url_right":825},"Acceleration Sensor",{"url":812,"height":216,"width":217},"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/0ad7ce1267124b21a48c87b8de017220/learn_transducers_sensors_03.png","Major measuring targets: Acceleration, vibration, angular velocity, etc.","/en/learn/transducers/sensors_acceleration","Torque Sensor",{"url":817,"height":216,"width":217},"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/4d3ce8177ef94d13b6111c1b31a55eb1/learn_transducers_sensors_04.png","Major measuring targets: Torque, etc.","/en/learn/transducers/sensors_torque","Displacement Sensor",{"url":822,"height":216,"width":823},"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/da916f0e98b547ee8cf4e81514e8e7b4/learn_transducers_sensors_05.png",580,"Major measuring targets: Displacement, etc.","/en/learn/transducers/sensors_displacement",{"fieldId":245,"title_left":827,"image_left":828,"copy_left":830,"link_left":236,"url_left":831,"title_middle":832,"image_middle":833,"copy_middle":835,"link_middle":236,"url_middle":836,"title_right":837,"image_right":838,"copy_right":840,"link_right":236,"url_right":841},"Component Force Sensor",{"url":829,"height":216,"width":217},"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/190298838acb4e0da7806dd1e76e695f/learn_transducers_sensors_component-force.png","Major measuring targets: Component force, etc.","/en/learn/transducers/sensors_component-force","Automotive Sensor",{"url":834,"height":216,"width":217},"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/7f5583cacac84e93b2e2f927a2670f66/learn_transducers_sensors_automotive.png","Major measuring targets: Steering torque, steering wheel torque, etc.","/en/learn/transducers/sensors_automotive","Civil Engineering Sensor",{"url":839,"height":216,"width":217},"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/0ce17e00d69e4637974691fdf3d376a5/learn_transducers_sensors_civil-engineering.png","Major measuring targets: Earth pressure, water pressure, Inclination, etc.","/en/learn/transducers/sensors_civil-engineering",{"category":843,"title":844,"id":845,"learnsearch_type":846},[761],"What's LOAD CELL? Introduction to Load Cell","loadcell_basic",[847],{"fieldId":27,"body":848},[849,853,858],{"fieldId":591,"image":850,"copy":852},{"url":851,"height":307,"width":308},"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/46272ca289444c92b9e40782eedf992e/learn_loadcell_basic_keyvisual_01_en.png","This is a recommended guide for beginners to learn the basics of load cells.",{"fieldId":854,"link_name":855,"link_url":856,"login":857},"textlink_pat2_down","Download (PDF)","https://files.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/55dfa2ef05d741b39d180ac59a339ea2/transducer_catalog_e_2025-02_01_en.pdf",true,{"fieldId":30,"content":859},"\u003Ch2 id=\"h4a5f549c68\">What's LOAD CELL? Introduction to Load Cell\u003C/h2>\u003Cp>A load cell is a high-precision sensor used to measure the magnitude of force (load). Its primary features are excellent accuracy and stability, enabling consistent measurements even over long-term monitoring. A wide variety of load cells are available to meet diverse applications. In addition to standard compression and tension models, we can provide customized solutions to meet specific requirements and a broad range of needs.\u003C/p>\u003Ch2 id=\"hfc1ab82c54\">Main Contents\u003C/h2>\u003Ch3 id=\"h7c9774327c\">Principle of Load Cells\u003C/h3>\u003Cp>A strain gage-type load cell is a transducer that converts applied external force into electrical signals using strain gages.\u003C/p>\u003Ch3 id=\"h0b34852185\">Applications of Load Cells\u003C/h3>\u003Cp>They are widely adopted for weight and force measurement in research and development, quality control, and factory automation (FA) across various industries.\u003C/p>\u003Ch3 id=\"h715c133191\">Types of Load Cells\u003C/h3>\u003Cp>There are various types of load cells. It is necessary to select the appropriate one according to the purpose and application.\u003C/p>\u003Ch3 id=\"h507ff9dbca\">Load Cell Installation Examples\u003C/h3>\u003Cp>Introducing examples of load cell installation.\u003C/p>\u003Ch3 id=\"h6311721954\">Instrumentation for Use with Load Cells\u003C/h3>\u003Cp>Introduction to the instrumentation required for using load cells.\u003C/p>",{"category":861,"title":862,"id":863,"learnsearch_type":864},[761],"Civil Engineering Sensor (Transducer)","sensors_civil-engineering",[865],{"fieldId":27,"body":866},[867,872,874,876],{"fieldId":213,"image":868,"copy":870,"link":219,"url":871},{"url":869,"height":159,"width":160},"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/da73e3eabc154c28afc8508f25201ab9/learn_transducers_sensors_civil-engineering_01.jpg","Since we first began producing Carlson-type transducers in Japan for use as civil engineering measurement gages, Kyowa has continued to design and manufacture measuring instruments used for the management, maintenance, design, and research of large-scale civil engineering structures in Japan and abroad.\nMany of our products can now be found in such projects all over the world.\nMany of our civil engineering sensors (transducers) are used to convert earth pressure and water pressure through a strain gage into voltage for measurement.\nThese use self-temperature-compensation strain gages, allowing for stable measurement with little drift, even for temperature changes. We also have civil engineering sensors (transducers) with temperature measuring functions that allow physical quantities such as strain, stress, and displacement to be measured with a single device.","/en/products/construction-load-cells",{"fieldId":51,"link_name":145,"link_url":873},"https://kyowa-ei.meclib.jp/library/books/kg-en/book/index.html#target/page=1-221",{"fieldId":131,"title":875},"Features",{"fieldId":30,"content":877},"\u003Cul>\u003Cli>Extensive track record of use\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Lineup of civil engineering sensors (transducers) with temperature measuring functions (T Series)\u003C/li>\u003C/ul>\u003Ch2 id=\"h58601796cb\">Civil Engineering Sensors (Transducers) with Temperature Measuring Functions (T Series)\u003C/h2>\u003Cp>Strain gage civil engineering sensors cannot measure temperature while measuring strain, stress, or displacement, so a thermometer must also be installed when embedding such a device in a concrete structure.\u003Cbr>The solution to this problem is our civil engineering sensors with temperature measuring functions, which combine a strain gage civil engineering sensor with functionality to measure temperature.\u003Cbr>They are compatible with KYOWA civil engineering sensors (transducers) such as our strain gages, rebar meters, stress meters, joint meters, and water level indicators.\u003Cbr>These devices contain a temperature measuring resistive element (platinum resistive element) on the output side of a standard strain gage civil engineering sensor.\u003Cbr>When measuring physical quantities, the temperature measuring resistive element embedded in the output side of the bridge circuit is electrically ignored from the perspective of the input side of the measuring instrument, allowing it to perform measurements just like with standard physical quantity measurement.\u003Cbr>The temperature measurement circuit measures temperature by measuring the change in resistance in the temperature measuring resistive element using a different circuit from that used to measure physical quantities.\u003Cbr>When measuring, civil engineering sensors with temperature measuring functions are generally connected to a measuring instrument equipped with a constant current bridge power supply that is not affected by extension cable resistance.\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/fd87003db9564ad1a821db78ccccfb19/learn_transducers_sensors_civil-engineering_02_en.jpg?w=512&h=288\" alt=\"\" width=\"512\" height=\"288\">\u003Cfigcaption>T Series bridge circuit\u003C/figcaption>\u003C/figure>\u003Ch2 id=\"hd6cbca0fdd\">Bridge Power Supply Systems Used with Civil Engineering Sensors (Transducers)\u003C/h2>\u003Cp>Two types of bridge power supplies are used for measuring instruments connected to civil engineering sensors (transducers). A constant voltage system applies constant voltage to the sensor (transducer), while a constant current system applies constant current.\u003Cbr>The features of each type are listed in the table to the right. Select whichever system is best suited for your measurement goals.\u003Cbr>Note that KYOWA civil engineering sensors are calibrated using a constant voltage system.\u003C/p>\u003Ctable>\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Bridge Excitation System\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Constant-voltage Bridge Excitation System\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Constant-current Bridge Excitation System\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Civil engineering transducers\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Measurement of physical quantity possible\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Measurement of physical quantity possible\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>T series transducers\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Measurement of physical quantity (Only engineering quantity) possible\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Temperature measurement together with physical quantity possible*\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Applicable gage bridge\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>60 to 1000 Ω\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>350 Ω\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Calculation for compensation of declined sensitivity due to cable extension\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Required\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Not required\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Applications\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Measurement with cable not extended too long. Mainly for experimental measurement\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Measurement through extension cable Mainly for field measurement\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003C/tbody>\u003C/table>\u003Cp>*When using measuring instrument with temperature measurement function\u003C/p>\u003Ch2 id=\"h7f1bfed044\">Important Notice\u003C/h2>\u003Cp>Civil engineering sensors on this catalog cannot be used in hydrogen environments.\u003C/p>",{"category":879,"title":880,"id":881,"learnsearch_type":882},[761],"Automotive Sensor (Transducer)","sensors_automotive",[883],{"fieldId":27,"body":884},[885,890,892,893,895,897,899,901,903,905,907,908,910,911],{"fieldId":213,"image":886,"copy":888,"link":219,"url":889},{"url":887,"height":159,"width":160},"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/930855828d4d414ea296bf763e15eb8c/learn_transducers_sensors_automotive_01.jpg","KYOWA automotive sensors are the result of developing highly accurate specialized strain gages, as well as our superior production technology, highly accurate calibration systems, and abundant experience.\nThey are frequently used in actual vehicles and sleds, and for various tests including component tests.\nAs a comprehensive manufacturer of stress measurement products, we provide total support from vehicle sensors to measuring instruments and software.","/en/products/seat-belt-tension-transducer",{"fieldId":51,"link_name":145,"link_url":891},"https://kyowa-ei.meclib.jp/library/books/kg-en/book/index.html#target/page=1-201",{"fieldId":131,"title":875},{"fieldId":30,"content":894},"\u003Cul>\u003Cli>Extensive track record \u003C/li>\u003Cli>We have a lineup of sensors that can measure from 0 Hz.\u003C/li>\u003C/ul>",{"fieldId":131,"title":896},"Sensors for Evaluating Strength and Operation Stability",{"fieldId":150,"paragraph":898},"In order to evaluate the strength of a vehicle, the force applied to the wheels and body must be accurately determined while driving.\nKYOWA sensors measure the force applied to vehicles under various driving conditions, and play an important role in designing the strength of parts such as the body and suspension.\nWe carry a wide variety of sensors designed to measure various forces applied to wheels on vehicles, and our products can even be linked with on-board networks to gather measured data together with data from other sensors, allowing vehicle behavior to be determined in even more detail.",{"fieldId":131,"title":900},"Sensors for Evaluating Driving Stability and Operability",{"fieldId":150,"paragraph":902},"It is important to use numbers to quantitatively determine what people feel qualitatively, such as when operating a steering wheel.\nKYOWA pedal force sensors, steering operating force sensors, and steering angle sensors can be used to evaluate how a vehicle reacts to the operations of the driver, and contribute to improving vehicle operability.\nThey can also be used to analyze the behavior of the driver when driving, which can help contribute toward developing advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS).",{"fieldId":131,"title":904},"Sensors for Crash & Safety Testing",{"fieldId":150,"paragraph":906},"Since developing our first on-board measurement system for crash tests in 1988, KYOWA has continued to provide a variety of sensors for use in evaluating passenger injury levels and evaluating safety device performance for components such as airbags and seat belts, including built-in sensors for human body dummies and seat belt tension sensors.",{"fieldId":131,"title":311},{"fieldId":30,"content":909},"\u003Cul>\u003Cli>Please contact us for information on measurements on public roads.\u003C/li>\u003C/ul>",{"fieldId":131,"title":315},{"fieldId":150,"paragraph":912},"The automotive sensors (transducers) on this catalog shown cannot be used in hydrogen environments.",{"category":914,"title":915,"id":916,"learnsearch_type":917},[761],"Component Force Sensor (Transducer)","sensors_component-force",[918],{"fieldId":27,"body":919},[920,925,927,928,930,931,933,934],{"fieldId":213,"image":921,"copy":923,"link":219,"url":924},{"url":922,"height":159,"width":160},"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/2ee522bbaa4c462eb108b71f48ad9b26/learn_transducers_sensors_component-force_01.jpg","Component force sensors are load sensors (transducers) capable of measuring the forces (Fx, Fy, Fz) in three orthogonal axial directions and moments (Mx, My, Mz) around each axis, for up to six components at the same time. They can measure the force resolved in three axial directions loaded on a single point, allowing the direction of action of the force and its combined force to be measured. In addition to our standard lineup of compact and economic products suited for model experiments, we also offer customized products suited for special needs or larger combined force measurement, such as safety evaluations for actual large structures, vehicle impact testing, and the sports science field.","/en/products/component-force-transducer",{"fieldId":51,"link_name":145,"link_url":926},"https://kyowa-ei.meclib.jp/library/books/kg-en/book/index.html#target/page=1-195",{"fieldId":131,"title":875},{"fieldId":30,"content":929},"\u003Cul>\u003Cli>A single device sensor measures force and moment in multiple axial directions\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Simply connect an amplifier for easy measurement similar to a uniaxial load cell\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Customizable to suit various needs\u003C/li>\u003C/ul>",{"fieldId":131,"title":311},{"fieldId":30,"content":932},"\u003Cul>\u003Cli>A combined force will enter the component force sensor, making it easier to generate greater stress than a uniaxial load cell. Therefore, make sure to use the product within the rated capacity indicated in the specification. There will be no breakdown if used within the safe overload, but characteristics are not guaranteed.\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Applying a load exceeding the safe overload may cause component force sensor destruction. Applying impact through such means as dropping an object will apply a force several times greater than the weight of the object on the component force sensor. Use caution so as not to apply a load exceeding the safe overload.\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Component force sensors detect component force based on three reference axis (X, Y, Z) coordinates.\u003Cbr>When mounting, any misalignment in the coordinates of the measurement object and the coordinates of the component force sensor will generate measurement value errors. Therefore, be cautious of the axial direction during placement. For example, a misalignment of 1°around the Z-axis of a 6-component force transducer will generate an error of approximately 1.7% for the Fx and Fy component forces.\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Check periodically to ensure the component force sensor fixing screws have not become loose.\u003Cbr>If looseness is found, tighten completely.\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Use of this product requires the same level of caution as using a uniaxial load cell.\u003Cbr>Refer to the \u003Ca href=\"/learn/transducers/sensors_loadcells\">"To Ensure Safe Usage" section in Chapter 1 "Load Cell".\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\u003C/ul>",{"fieldId":131,"title":315},{"fieldId":150,"paragraph":935},"The component force sensors on this catalog cannot be used in hydrogen environments.",{"category":937,"title":938,"id":939,"learnsearch_type":940},[761],"Torque Sensor (Transducer)","sensors_torque",[941],{"fieldId":27,"body":942},[943,948,950,951,953,954,956,957],{"fieldId":213,"image":944,"copy":946,"link":219,"url":947},{"url":945,"height":783,"width":784},"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/35ff6f0e53c045d5abd62c457ced25d5/learn_transducers_sensors_torque_01_en.jpg","Torque sensors (transducers) use a strain gage to convert torsion (surface shearing stress) corresponding to the torque of the shaft to an electric quantity (voltage), and then output signals through a rotary transformer, optical transmission, or a slip ring and brush.\nThey ensure accurate and easy measurement of the torque transmitted from the target object under conditions from standstill to high-speed rotation.\nThese use strain gages for the sensing element for precise and stable measurement, and are therefore widely used not only for experiments and research but also for industrial measurement.","/en/products/torque-transducers",{"fieldId":51,"link_name":145,"link_url":949},"https://kyowa-ei.meclib.jp/library/books/kg-en/book/index.html#target/page=1-169",{"fieldId":131,"title":875},{"fieldId":30,"content":952},"\u003Cul>\u003Cli>Stable torque measurement under various conditions from standstill to high-speed rotation\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Little impact from shaft bending or thrust, for highly precise torque measurements\u003C/li>\u003C/ul>",{"fieldId":131,"title":311},{"fieldId":30,"content":955},"\u003Cul>\u003Cli>During torque sensor torque detection, the transducer shaft is placed between the motor and load. If a torque exceeding the rated value is applied to the torque sensor, it could cause plastic deformation or shaft destruction. If a torque exceeding the rated value is repeatedly applied, it could cause shaft destruction due to fatigue failure, even if plastic deformation does not occur. Therefore, avoid applying a load exceeding the rated capacity, and use the device within the specification range.\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Use caution so as not to allow a radial load (a load in the perpendicular direction to the shaft) or thrust load (a load in the axial direction) to be applied to the end of the torque sensor shaft. Loads except for these torsional loads may apply excessive stress to the torque shaft, causing destruction.\u003C/li>\u003Cli>If there is a large moment of inertia on the load side and the rotation slope (positive) of the motor is fast, a large torque may be momentarily applied to the torque sensor. For use in such cases, make sure to choose a model of sufficient rated capacity.\u003C/li>\u003Cli>During dynamic measurement, the natural frequency of torsion depends on the relationship between the moment of inertia of the motor and load, and the torsional rigidity of the torque sensor. Operating at a rotary speed near this natural frequency will cause the resonance phenomenon and amplify vibration, which could damage the torque sensor or peripheral devices. Therefore, avoid operating at a rotary speed near the natural frequency of measuring system.\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Make sure to install a protective cover over the rotating parts of TPS-A series torque transducers. Do not touch the device during use. Doing so could cause entanglement.\u003C/li>\u003Cli>For TP series torque transducers, use a flexible coupling. Using a rigid flange coupling will apply excessive stress to the shaft, which will not only reduce characteristics but also could cause shaft destruction.\u003C/li>\u003C/ul>",{"fieldId":131,"title":315},{"fieldId":150,"paragraph":958},"The torque sensors (transducers) on this catalog cannot be used in a hydrogen environment.",{"category":960,"title":961,"id":962,"learnsearch_type":963},[761],"Acceleration Sensor (Transducer)","sensors_acceleration",[964],{"fieldId":27,"body":965},[966,971,973,974,976,978,983,985,990],{"fieldId":213,"image":967,"copy":969,"link":219,"url":970},{"url":968,"height":783,"width":784},"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/442166172eff4725ac0981d2102d374c/learn_transducers_sensors_acceleration_01_en.jpg","Sensors that convert acceleration and vibration into electrical output.\nStrain gage acceleration sensors (transducers) can respond from static acceleration (0 Hz) and provide superior static/dynamic characteristics and temperature characteristics. Triaxial models capable of simultaneous detection in three directions (X, Y, and Z) are also available, for a wide range of use.","/en/products/acceleration-transducers",{"fieldId":51,"link_name":145,"link_url":972},"https://kyowa-ei.meclib.jp/library/books/kg-en/book/index.html#target/page=1-143",{"fieldId":131,"title":875},{"fieldId":30,"content":975},"\u003Cul>\u003Cli>Compact and lightweight design results in minimal effects on the vibration mode of the measuring objects to which the sensor is mounted\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Wide frequency response range allows for accurate detection of even impact-initiated acceleration\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Triaxial models have little mutual interference between axes\u003C/li>\u003C/ul>",{"fieldId":131,"title":977},"Principles of strain gage acceleration sensors (transducers)",{"fieldId":109,"image":979,"copy":981,"caption":982},{"url":980,"height":783,"width":784},"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/e71beac0af304c4d91c6ab11880ef4f0/learn_transducers_sensors_acceleration_02_en.jpg","With the basic configuration shown below, acceleration applies inertia force to the weight and deforms the leaf spring proportional to the acceleration. This deformation is detected as strain, which allows acceleration to be measured. A key benefit of this is its ability to respond to static acceleration (0 Hz).","Example basic configuration of strain gage acceleration sensor (transducer)",{"fieldId":131,"title":984},"Principles of servo type acceleration sensors (transducers)",{"fieldId":109,"image":986,"copy":988,"caption":989},{"url":987,"height":783,"width":784},"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/1749f5ce4d784c67877ac5902ef9c439/learn_transducers_sensors_acceleration_03_en.jpg","With the basic configuration shown, an applied acceleration displaces the weight from the neutral position. The displacement sensor detects the displacement quantity and sends via the servo amplifier the signal to the drive coil that is fixed to the weight support. When the signal current flows to the drive coil placed in a magnetic field generated by the permanent magnet, the electromagnetic force returns the weight to the original position. Since the current is proportional to the applied acceleration, a voltage proportional to the acceleration is output from both ends of the resistor inserted in the current loop.","Example basic configuration of servo type acceleration sensor (transducer)",{"fieldId":30,"content":991},"\u003Ch2 id=\"ha418d0e480\">To Ensure Safe Usage\u003C/h2>\u003Cul>\u003Cli>If the acceleration sensor (transducer) is not mounted securely, making contact with an acceleration sensor (transducer) that becomes detached upon impact could cause injury. Be sure to follow the mounting instructions properly before use.\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Acceleration sensors (transducers) are sensitive to impact. If subjected to impact exceeding the safe overload rating, such as dropping it or striking it against a hard object, it could become damaged.\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Acceleration sensors (transducers) with a rated capacity of within ±9.807 m/s\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">2\u003C/span> (1 G), such as AS-1GA, will exceed the rated capacity if installed along the sensitive axis in the direction of gravity. As long as the safe overloads is not exceeded, there will be no damage, but characteristics will be outside the guaranteed range.\u003C/li>\u003C/ul>\u003Ch2 id=\"h7f1bfed044\">Important Notice\u003C/h2>\u003Cp>Acceleration Sensors (transducers) on this catalog cannot be used in hydrogen environments.\u003C/p>\u003Ch2 id=\"he784596cce\">Sensitive axis display for acceleration sensors (transducers)\u003C/h2>\u003Cp>There are two main types of marks for displaying the sensitive axis of KYOWA products.\u003C/p>\u003Ch3 id=\"h3dd5010233\">(1) The arrow indicating the sensitive axis is “+← →-”.\u003C/h3>\u003Cp>When the acceleration sensor (transducer) is placed so that "+" pointing to the center of the earth (in the direction of acceleration of center of gravity), +1 G is output at rest.\u003Cbr>The output will be based on gravitational acceleration, so the relationship between the acceleration input condition and the sensor (transducer) output symbol is shown as follows.\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/1737ab2eafab438e86a0a99b9fef7679/learn_transducers_sensors_acceleration_04_en.jpg?w=512&h=255\" alt=\"\" width=\"512\" height=\"255\">\u003C/figure>\u003Ch3 id=\"hd7ec025b1d\">(2) The arrow indicating the sensitive axis is “↑”.\u003C/h3>\u003Cp>relationship between the acceleration input condition and the sensor (transducer) output symbol is shown as follows.\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/6b8c9aad48dc444799e376cbd0ccb5e5/learn_transducers_sensors_acceleration_05_en.jpg?w=512&h=180\" alt=\"\" width=\"512\" height=\"180\">\u003C/figure>\u003Ch2 id=\"hdce84ab5e5\">Relationship between mounting method and frequency characteristics\u003C/h2>\u003Cp>Acceleration sensors (transducers) are mounted to objects using adhesive (CC-33A), bolts, or mount bases. To ensure proper use, mount as described in the instruction manual. When removing, take sufficient care as excessive impact or force can result in damage. It is important to select a mounting method suitable for measurement conditions.\u003Cbr>As shown below, frequency response will differ depending on the mounting method.\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/39aad49d390a46fba4c6b5baae305bfc/learn_transducers_sensors_acceleration_06_en.jpg?w=512&h=244\" alt=\"\" width=\"512\" height=\"244\">\u003Cfigcaption>Example of Frequency Response\u003C/figcaption>\u003C/figure>\u003Ch2 id=\"h87d649c2f8\">Relationship between frequency characteristics and temperature\u003C/h2>\u003Cp>To ensure flat frequency characteristics, some strain gage acceleration sensor (transducer) models are filled with oil. The viscosity of the oil is adjusted to ensure flat frequency characteristics at 23°C (for models such as AS/ASH/ASHT/ASW). Oil viscosity will change with temperature and affect the frequency characteristics and phase characteristics. Although these products contain silicone oil that undergoes little change in viscosity, frequency characteristics will change with temperature, as shown below.\u003Cbr>To ensure accurate measurements in a frequency zone one-tenth the response frequency range or more, the temperature of the strain gage acceleration sensor (transducer) must be kept around 23°C.\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/99d6281d93af48d29e1ebb73702894eb/learn_transducers_sensors_acceleration_07_en.jpg?w=512&h=288\" alt=\"\" width=\"512\" height=\"288\">\u003Cfigcaption>Example of Temperature Effect on Frequency Response\u003C/figcaption>\u003C/figure>\u003Ch2 id=\"h20c92d847a\">Overload considerations\u003C/h2>\u003Cp>The magnitude of acceleration is often difficult for humans to perceive.\u003Cbr>If the acceleration sensor (transducer) is dropped on the floor, it may easily detect acceleration exceeding 9807 m/s\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">2\u003C/span> (1000 G) depending on the material of the floor.\u003Cbr>If a small-capacity acceleration sensor (transducer) receives acceleration 10 times or above the rated capacity, the zero balance will change significantly, making the transducer unusable due to disconnection of the gage, etc. It must therefore be handled with sufficient care.\u003C/p>",{"category":993,"title":799,"id":994,"learnsearch_type":995},[761],"sensors_loadcells",[996],{"fieldId":27,"body":997},[998,1002,1004,1005,1007,1008,1010,1011,1013,1015],{"fieldId":213,"image":999,"copy":1000,"link":219,"url":1001},{"url":782,"height":783,"width":784},"KYOWA's load cells offer outstanding and sustained performance over long-term usage even under harsh operating conditions by adopting our superior production technologies, calibration equipment of supreme precision, and our rich experience in this field.\nWe offer a full range of models to satisfy all industrial needs, including models for compression and tension applications; explosion-proof models usable in environments containing dangerously explosive liquids, gases, etc.; washer type models for measuring rolling pressure, etc.\nKYOWA's load cells are used in sensing applications ranging from general force measurement in testing or research to measuring and controlling.","/en/products/load-cells-transducers",{"fieldId":51,"link_name":145,"link_url":1003},"https://kyowa-ei.meclib.jp/library/books/kg-en/book/index.html#target/page=1-51",{"fieldId":131,"title":875},{"fieldId":30,"content":1006},"\u003Cul>\u003Cli>Enable highly accurate measurement\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Stably operate for long-term usage even under harsh conditions\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Ensure long service life against repetitive loads\u003C/li>\u003C/ul>",{"fieldId":131,"title":311},{"fieldId":30,"content":1009},"\u003Cul>\u003Cli>The rated capacity of each load cell is designed for cases of center axial loads only. Cases involving angular load, moment of rotation, lateral force, or bending moment may result in failure. Please contact KYOWA for applications of these types.\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Loads on load cells involving impact or vibration are measured as "static load (weight) × acceleration."\u003Cbr>When acceleration is unknown, be sure to prepare sufficient rated capacity.\u003C/li>\u003Cli>For repetitive loads for both swings, use at 1/2 of the rated capacity or less in order to extend the service life.\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Special accessories are designed only for use with KYOWA's load cells.\u003C/li>\u003Cli>To avoid accidents, make sure to take precautionary measures against unexpected situations caused by load cell failure.\u003Cbr>1) Compression load cells\u003Cul>\u003Cli>In the event that the strain generating part of a load cell buckles, the height will be reduced by up to several tens of mm, and the load will then be supported by the outer case. Consider the effects of this dimensional change on the load cell installation area, system, etc.\u003C/li>\u003C/ul>\u003Cp>2) Tension load cells\u003C/p>\u003Cul>\u003Cli>Special accessories for tension load cells should only be used when combined with a load cell by KYOWA.\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Special accessories for tension load cells (TRC/TRD shackles, THC/THD hooks, and RJ rotary attachments) cannot be used for compression loading measurement.\u003C/li>\u003Cli>When suspending a load, in the selection of rated capacity for the load cell, please ensure a full margin of safety, and add safety apparatus in order to prevent dropping, etc. (For static breaking load, see the configuration diagram.)\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Tension load cells are joined using screws. Be sure to prevent screws from loosening. If setscrews are used to prevent loosening, counter bore the mating parts. Also, check regularly for any loosening in setscrews.\u003C/li>\u003C/ul>\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Check periodically to make sure the screws used for fixing the load cell have not become loose. If looseness is found, tighten completely.\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Please contact us for usage where the factor of safety, etc. is legally stipulated (cranes, etc.).\u003C/li>\u003C/ul>",{"fieldId":131,"title":315},{"fieldId":150,"paragraph":1012},"Load Cells on this catalog cannot be used in hydrogen environments.",{"fieldId":131,"title":1014},"Various Diaphragms of Load Cells",{"fieldId":30,"content":1016},"\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/310e395028c8417699714f1bf99eae3f/learn_transducers_sensors_loadcells_02_en.jpg?w=800&h=640\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"640\">\u003C/figure>",{"category":1018,"title":1019,"id":1020,"learnsearch_type":1021},[761],"Displacement Sensor (Transducer)","sensors_displacement",[1022],{"fieldId":27,"body":1023},[1024,1029,1031,1032,1034,1036,1042],{"fieldId":213,"image":1025,"copy":1027,"link":219,"url":1028},{"url":1026,"height":159,"width":160},"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/482e46d1586644d2a88924e84681cde5/learn_transducers_sensors_displacement_01_en.jpg","Displacement sensors (transducers) are used to measure properties such as structural relative displacement or the absolute displacement from a steady point, converted into voltage.\nProducts covering a wide displacement measuring range from several mm to several m are available, as well as products using different conversion systems.","/en/products/displacement-transducers",{"fieldId":51,"link_name":145,"link_url":1030},"https://kyowa-ei.meclib.jp/library/books/kg-en/book/index.html#target/page=1-179",{"fieldId":131,"title":875},{"fieldId":30,"content":1033},"\u003Cul>\u003Cli>Measuring range: 2 to 5000 mm\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Excellent linearity and high resolution\u003C/li>\u003C/ul>",{"fieldId":131,"title":1035},"Structure of displacement sensors",{"fieldId":155,"title_left":1037,"image_left":1038,"title_right":1039,"image_right":1040},"Bar Type",{"url":1026,"height":159,"width":160},"Dial Gage Type",{"url":1041,"height":159,"width":160},"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/2d2fe2e1af7f42979e1c8682eaf39bba/learn_transducers_sensors_displacement_02_en.jpg",{"fieldId":30,"content":1043},"\u003Ch2 id=\"ha418d0e480\">To Ensure Safe Usage\u003C/h2>\u003Cul>\u003Cli>Do not apply force or displacement in any direction other than the axial direction to rod-shaped displacement sensors.\u003C/li>\u003Cli>DT-A, DTJ-A-200, and DTK-A series mounting\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Fix to a steady point using an M6 bolt.\u003C/li>\u003Cli>To fix the rod to the measurement point, either detach the probe and secure the rod with a screw, or utilize a rod designed for screw mounting at the end opposite the probe (refer to the bottom illustration).\u003C/li>\u003C/ul>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/511900f3e8044978b9f0a39387cb1e36/learn_transducers_sensors_displacement_dtk-a_en.jpg?w=432&h=243\" alt=\"\" width=\"432\" height=\"243\">\u003Cfigcaption>Example of DTK-A\u003C/figcaption>\u003C/figure>\u003Ch2 id=\"h7f1bfed044\">Important Notice\u003C/h2>\u003Cp>The displacement sensors (transducers) on this catalog cannot be used in hydrogen environments.\u003C/p>",{"category":1045,"title":1046,"id":1047,"learnsearch_type":1048},[761],"Pressure Sensor (Transducer)","sensors_pressure",[1049],{"fieldId":27,"body":1050},[1051,1056,1058,1059,1061,1062,1064,1065,1067,1069,1071,1073,1075,1077],{"fieldId":213,"image":1052,"copy":1054,"link":219,"url":1055},{"url":1053,"height":783,"width":784},"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/9fd08042e3bc4aaf81d8d65642ec9eb7/learn_transducers_sensors_pressure_01_en.jpg","These convert liquid (water, oil, etc.) or gas pressure into electrical output, and are connected to various measuring instruments to monitor, record, and control pressure based on measuring purposes. We also offer pressure sensors with an airtight, drip-proof structure, filled with inert gas, for excellent linearity, temperature characteristics, and waterproofing. They are capable of highly precise and stable pressure measurement for a long period of time in a wide range of fields, including chemicals, machinery, and steel.","/en/products/pressure-transducers",{"fieldId":51,"link_name":145,"link_url":1057},"https://kyowa-ei.meclib.jp/library/books/kg-en/book/index.html#target/page=1-109",{"fieldId":131,"title":875},{"fieldId":30,"content":1060},"\u003Cul>\u003Cli>Long-term stable operation\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Highly precise pressure measurement\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Excellent temperature characteristics\u003C/li>\u003C/ul>",{"fieldId":131,"title":311},{"fieldId":30,"content":1063},"\u003Cul>\u003Cli>Do not apply pressure exceeding the safe overloads. Doing so may cause bursting.\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Do not allow protruding objects to make contact with the sensing part. Doing so may cause damage and bursting.\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Use with the specified fastening torque. An improper fastening torque could cause bursting.\u003C/li>\u003Cli>If an unexpected excess pressure could be applied, select a model with a higher rated capacity.\u003Cbr>For pressure sensors with high rated capacity and with gas inside, install a protective case around the pressure sensor to ensure safety.\u003C/li>\u003Cli>If pressure will be applied repetitively, select a model of rated capacity that satisfies the following two conditions.\u003Cul>\u003Cli>The peak pressure is the rated capacity or less.\u003C/li>\u003Cli>The maximum pressure amplitude is 50% of the rated capacity or less.\u003C/li>\u003C/ul>\u003C/li>\u003Cli>The air vent section of the pressure sensors was designed for a liquid pressure medium.\u003Cbr>Leaking could occur if used to measure gas pressure.\u003Cbr>We recommend using a pressure sensor without an air vent section to measure gas pressure.\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Please contact us if measuring combustible gas or combustible liquid.\u003C/li>\u003C/ul>",{"fieldId":131,"title":315},{"fieldId":150,"paragraph":1066},"The pressure sensors (transducers) on this catalog cannot be used in a hydrogen environment.",{"fieldId":131,"title":1068},"Types of pressure",{"fieldId":30,"content":1070},"\u003Ch3 id=\"hec0de5d177\">1) Absolute pressure\u003C/h3>\u003Cp>Absolute pressure is a pressure expressed by referring to vacuum (Complete) pressure as zero. Absolute pressure is the sum of atmospheric pressure and gage pressure. KYOWA uses "abs." to differentiate this from gage pressure\u003C/p>\u003Ch3 id=\"h6639f50119\">2) Gage pressure\u003C/h3>\u003Cp>Gage pressure is a pressure expressed by referring to atmospheric or ambient pressure as zero. Industrially, it is merely called pressure unless otherwise noted. Pressure higher than atmospheric or ambient pressure is called positive gage pressure, while pressure lower than atmospheric or ambient pressure is called negative gage pressure.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Though ISO recommends to affix "Pe" or "Gauge" to gage pressure, KYOWA does not do so.\u003C/p>\u003Ch3 id=\"h2576d08d6f\">3) Differential pressure\u003C/h3>\u003Cp>The difference between a specific reference pressure and another pressure. It may be either positive or negative.\u003C/p>",{"fieldId":131,"title":1072},"Relations between Pressure Units",{"fieldId":30,"content":1074},"\u003Ctable>\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Pa\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>bar\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>kgf/cm\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">2\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>atm\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>mmH\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sub\">2\u003C/span>O（mmAq）\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>1\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>1×10\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">-5\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>1.01972×10\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">-5\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>9.86923×10\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">-6\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>1.01972×10\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">-1\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>1×10\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">5\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>1\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>1.01972\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>9.86923×10\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">-1\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>1.01972×10\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">4\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>9.80665×10\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">4\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>9.80665×10\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">-1\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>1\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>9.67841×10\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">-1\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>1×10\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">4\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>1.01325×10\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">5\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>1.01325\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>1.03323\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>1\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>1.03323×10\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">4\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>9.80665\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>9.80665×10\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">-5\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>1×10\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">-4\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>9.67841×10\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">-5\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>1\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003C/tbody>\u003C/table>\u003Cp>1 Pa=1 N/m\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">2\u003C/span>\u003Cbr>1 Torr=1 mmHg=1.33322×10\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">2\u003C/span>Pa=1.33322×10\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">-3\u003C/span> bar=1.35951×10\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">-3\u003C/span>kgf/cm\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">2\u003C/span>\u003Cbr>=1.31579×10\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">-3\u003C/span>atm=1.35951×10 mmH\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sub\">2\u003C/span>O (mmAq)\u003Cbr>1 psi=6894.7 Pa=7.0307×10\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">-2\u003C/span>kgf/cｍ\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">2\u003C/span>\u003C/p>",{"fieldId":131,"title":1076},"Typical Installation with Standard Accessories",{"fieldId":30,"content":1078},"\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/a19b4a82dc5b447093a2d45824bf874c/learn_transducers_sensors_pressure_03_en.jpg?w=800&h=760\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"760\">\u003C/figure>\u003Cp>*For other methods of installation, please contact us.\u003C/p>",{"category":1080,"title":1082,"id":9,"learnsearch_type":1083},[1081],"ひずみゲージ式センサの基礎情報","Conversion of Strain Quantities (Voltage) Measured by Transducers into Proper Physical Quantities",[1084],{"fieldId":27,"body":1085},[1086,1088,1090,1092,1094],{"fieldId":30,"content":1087},"\u003Cp>Strain quantity (or voltage) measured by a transducer such as load cell or pressure transducer is converted into the physical quantity in proper engineering unit as follows.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The following 2 types of calibration coefficients are stated in KYOWA's Test Data Sheet. Use a proper one for the applied measuring instrument.\u003C/p>\u003Cul>\u003Cli>A:Calibration coeffcient indicating the physical quantity corresponding to a reference equivalent strain of 1×10\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">-6\u003C/span> strain\u003C/li>\u003Cli>B:Calibration coefficient indicating the physical quantity corresponding to an output voltage of 1μV against a bridge excitation voltage of 1 V.\u003C/li>\u003C/ul>",{"fieldId":33,"title":1089},"When using a strain amplifier",{"fieldId":30,"content":1091},"\u003Cp>Physical quantity = Measured strain (×10\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">-6\u003C/span> strain) x A\u003C/p>",{"fieldId":33,"title":1093},"When using an amplifier other than strain amplifier or recorder",{"fieldId":30,"content":1095},"\u003Cp>\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/162e2658df6540ae80d1b15ecedbba19/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"70\">\u003C/figure>",{"category":1097,"title":1098,"id":1099,"learnsearch_type":1100},[1081],"Installation of Load Cell and Special Accessories (for Accurate Measurement)","set_loadcells_special-accessories",[1101],{"fieldId":27,"body":1102},[1103,1105,1110,1112,1114,1117,1119],{"fieldId":131,"title":1104},"Compression load cells",{"fieldId":591,"image":1106},{"url":1107,"height":1108,"width":1109},"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/90af303b4d554f72953bc7f6840655ad/learn_transducers_sensors_set_loadcells_special-accessories_compression_en.jpg",396,704,{"fieldId":30,"content":1111},"\u003Col>\u003Cli>When mounting the saddle, fix the steel plate to the load point of the measuring object by welding or screwing it.\u003Cbr>Screw the steel plate first, and then mount the saddle.\u003Cbr>Grease the saddle to prevent it from rusting.\u003C/li>\u003Cli>When installing the saddle and mount base, make sure that each surface is horizontal to the load surface so that a normal load is applied to the load cell.\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Each load cell is designed to detect only the force applied to the central axis. Be especially careful during installation, as the quality of installation will affect measurement accuracy.\u003Cbr>Ensure that factors such as angular load, moment of rotation, horizontal component, and bending moment do not have any effect.\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Load cells are capable of fully compensating for daily temperature changes. However, partial exposure to direct heat can cause transient phenomena that can affect accuracy. If it must be used at temperatures outside the operating temperature range, protect the load cell with heat insulating material to keep it in the operating temperature range.\u003C/li>\u003Cli>If there is impact or vibration in the load direction, it will be difficult to determine the rated capacity of the load cell unless the magnitude of acceleration is known. In this case, select a load cell of sufficient rated capacity. If the magnitude of acceleration is known, obtain the product of 'mass × acceleration' as the rated capacity. If the tare is included, the capacity is determined with the load of the tare added.\u003Cbr>\u003Ca href=\"/en/learn/transducers/capacity_of_loadcells\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Click here for details.\u003C/a>\u003C/li>\u003C/ol>",{"fieldId":131,"title":1113},"Tension load cells",{"fieldId":591,"image":1115},{"url":1116,"height":1108,"width":1109},"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/df1f7f5a23f4408fb58d8c7863764929/learn_transducers_sensors_set_loadcells_special-accessories_tension_en.jpg",{"fieldId":30,"content":1118},"\u003Col>\u003Cli>Load cells are mounted using screws in the center of the upper and lower surfaces. Do not subject load cells to a bending moment or moment of rotation during use. These not only affect measurement accuracy but also cause an overload which may lead to breakage of the load cell.\u003C/li>\u003Cli>For safe operation, ensure a sufficient factor of safety when selecting the rated capacity of the load cell. Implement safety devices such as fall protection in case of emergency.\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Operation near the rated capacity with a special accessory (such as TRC, TRD, THC, THD, TU, RJ) attached, or when an overload might occur, could cause strength problems depending on the installation method. Please contact KYOWA for more information.\u003C/li>\u003Cli>When attaching the RJ-B rotary attachment, remove the load cell coupling screw before mounting. The proper tightening torque is shown at the bottom.\u003Cbr>\u003Ctable>\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Rated Capacity\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>0.5 to 2 kN\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>5 to 20 kN\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>50 kN\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>100 kN\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>200 kN\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Tightening Bolts\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>M6\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>M8\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>M10\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>M16\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>M20\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Tightening Torques\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>10 N・m\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>30 N・m\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>70 N・m\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>270 N・m\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>560 N・m\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003C/tbody>\u003C/table>\u003C/li>\u003Cli>When screwing a ball joint, etc. into the load cell, take care not to apply any excess torque to the load cell. The load cell may be damaged, especially for small capacities.\u003C/li>\u003C/ol>",{"fieldId":51,"link_name":145,"link_url":1120},"https://kyowa-ei.meclib.jp/library/books/kg-en/book/index.html#target/page=1-53",{"category":1122,"title":1123,"id":1124,"learnsearch_type":1125},[1081],"Transducer's Bridge Circuit and Cable Connection","bridge_circuit",[1126],{"fieldId":27,"body":1127},[1128,1130,1132],{"fieldId":30,"content":1129},"\u003Cp>\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/c057034541f0430a9723a4ca9e1dcc7e/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"780\">\u003C/figure>\u003Cp>*For TEDS compatible products, the + of the TEDS IC is connected to F and COM is connected to G.\u003Cbr>For remote-sensing compatible products, the A is connected to the F and C is connected to G.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The shield wire is not connected to the case of the transducers. (Excluding some transducers)\u003C/p>",{"fieldId":33,"title":1131},"Resistances between conductors or plug pins (In case of a 120Ω or 350Ω transducers)",{"fieldId":30,"content":1133},"\u003Ctable>\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Connector plug pins\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Input (A-C)\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Output (B-D)\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>A-B\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>A-D\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>B-C\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>C-D\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Conductors\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>RD-BK\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>WT-GR\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>RD-WT\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>RD-GR\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>WT-BK\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>BK-GR\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\">\u003Cp>Bridge resistance (R)\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>350Ω\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>350Ω\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>350Ω\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>262.5Ω\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>262.5Ω\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>262.5Ω\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>262.5Ω\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>120Ω\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>120Ω\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>120Ω\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>90Ω\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>90Ω\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>90Ω\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>90Ω\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003C/tbody>\u003C/table>",{"category":1135,"title":1136,"id":1137,"learnsearch_type":1138},[1081],"About bridge power supply system constant voltage method and constant current method","bridge",[1139],{"fieldId":27,"body":1140},[1141,1143,1145,1147,1149,1151],{"fieldId":33,"title":1142},"Types",{"fieldId":30,"content":1144},"\u003Cp>Amplifiers used in conjunction with transducers are available in 2 bridge excitation systems: constant voltage and constant current. These two systems have their respective features shown in the table below, to permit selection according to measurement purposes and applications.\u003Cbr>All KYOWA strain gage transducers are calibrated at the factory using the constant voltage system.\u003C/p>\u003Ctable>\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Bridge Excitation System\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Constant-voltage Bridge Excitation System\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Constant-current Bridge Excitation System\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Applicable gage bridge\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>60 to 1000Ω\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>350Ω\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Calculation for compensation of declined sensitivity due to cable extension\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Required\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Not required\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Applications\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Measurement with cable not extended too long.\u003Cbr>Mainly for experimental measurement\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Measurement via extension cable Mainly for field measurement\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003C/tbody>\u003C/table>\u003Cp>※T series is provided with temperature measuring function\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003C/p>",{"fieldId":33,"title":1146},"The reason why constant-current bridge excitation is used for with cable extended",{"fieldId":30,"content":1148},"\u003Cp>If a 100 m long cable with cross-section 0.5 mm\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">2\u003C/span> is used for connection between a KYOWA civil engineering transducer with bridge resistance of 350Ω and an amplifier of the constant-voltage bridge excitation system, sensitivity declines by approximately 2%. To avoid such inconvenience, it is recommended to use an amplifier of the constant-current bridge excitation system, which ensures measurement with less error.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>\u003C/p>",{"fieldId":33,"title":1150},"Sensitivity change by cable extension and effect of constant-current bridge power supply",{"fieldId":30,"content":1152},"\u003Cp>See Fig. 1 at the right and suppose that E is the voltage of the bridge excitation and E' is the voltage applied to the transducer in the constant voltage bridge system. Then,\u003C/p>\u003Cp>E'＝E−2･I･r\u003C/p>\u003Cp>where, "I・r" is the voltage decrease due to cable resistance and "2・I・r " is that due to the reciprocating cable resistance.\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/c0311b2b22bc4a59902412caf39cd2d4/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"271\" height=\"129\">\u003C/figure>\u003Cp>Consequently, the output voltage is lowered. The input of Fig. 1 may be rewritten to Fig. 2.\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/dec46e9251b8409c938be315fa7a12df/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"310\" height=\"129\">\u003C/figure>\u003Cp>With the constant current system, the current, I, is constant at all times, and thus the bridge output receives no influence from r.\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/85a221bbb6794a46a1b288bcf09ada68/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"176\" height=\"56\">\u003C/figure>\u003Cp>This means that extension cable resistance does not cause any output decrease. However, the input resistance, Rg, of the bridge affects the output. But a difference between the nominal bridge resistance of civil engineering transducer and its actual bridge resistance is extremely small, and thus it need not consider that the input resistance of the bridge affects the accuracy.\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/4b9f83ee361e4744b2299d8667502a07/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"540\">\u003C/figure>",{"category":1154,"title":1155,"id":1156,"learnsearch_type":1157},[1081],"T Series Civil Engineering Transducers with Temperature Measuring Function","t_series",[1158],{"fieldId":27,"body":1159},[1160,1162,1164],{"fieldId":30,"content":1161},"\u003Cp>Since the strain-gage transducers, ordinary strain-gage civil engineering transducers cannot measure temperature together with strain, stress or displacement. Thus, thermometer need to be additionally installed when embedding these transducers in concrete structures.\u003Cbr>To solve such problems, Kyowa has developed civil engineering transducers with a temperature measuring function. The function is provided for strain transducers, reinforcing-bar stress transducers, stress transducers, joint transducers and water level transducers. These transducers have a platinum resistance thermometer mounted at the output side of ordinary civil engineering transducers.\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/fd3fe9db925a474481d6cb341aeea3b4/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"420\">\u003C/figure>",{"fieldId":33,"title":1163},"Independent Measurement of Physical Quantity and Temperature during Measurement",{"fieldId":30,"content":1165},"\u003Cp>The platinum resistance thermometer sensor is connected to the output of the bridge circuit and has no electrical concern with the input of the measuring instrument, thereby enabling transducers in T series to measure physical quantities as usually. Through a different circuit from the physical quantity measuring circuit, temperature is measured based on resistance change of the platinum resistance thermometer sensor. Generally, instruments providing constant-current bridge excitation are used for civil engineering transducers with a temperature measuring function to eliminate any adverse effect of the resistance of extension cable.\u003C/p>",{"category":1167,"title":1168,"id":1169,"learnsearch_type":1170},[1081],"Relations between Transducer Output Signals in Strain and Voltage","strain_voltage",[1171],{"fieldId":27,"body":1172},[1173],{"fieldId":30,"content":1174},"\u003Cp>The output of a transducer is expressed in either equivalent strain (×10\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">-6\u003C/span> strain) or voltage (mV/V or μ­V/V) per excitation voltage.\u003Cbr>They have the following relation :\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/8bc194de9c544dde86d2eaaae95a0588/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"321\" height=\"164\">\u003C/figure>\u003Cp>Thus, the equivalent strain output and voltage output always have a relation of 2:1.\u003Cbr>E.g. 1.5 mV/V = 1500 μV/V → 3000 ×10\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">-6\u003C/span> strain\u003C/p>",{"category":1176,"title":1178,"id":8,"learnsearch_type":1179},[1177],"測定ノウハウ［センサ／変換器］","Sensitivity Decrease due to Cable Extension",[1180],{"fieldId":27,"body":1181},[1182,1184,1186],{"fieldId":30,"content":1183},"\u003Cp>If a strain-gage transducer is connected to a signal conditioner, digital indicator or strain amplifier via extension cable, we will not ignore the sensitivity decrease due to the extension cable resistance which lowers the voltage applied to the transducer.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>The rated output with lowered sensitivity is obtained from the following equation:\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/2db60c2f6c2a4f7690e26f4bdff99ef9/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"472\" height=\"162\">\u003C/figure>",{"fieldId":33,"title":1185},"Sensitivity Decrease in Kyowa's Extension Cables (N-82 to 85, 100)",{"fieldId":30,"content":1187},"\u003Ctable>\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\">\u003Cp>Models\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\">\u003Cp>Cable Length\u003Cbr>(L)\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\">\u003Cp>Sensitivity Dropped\u003Cbr>(Approx.)\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Cth colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Reference\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>r×L (Ω)\u003Cbr>(Approx.)\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>R/(R+(r×L))\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>N-82\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>10m\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>0.2％\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>0.8\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>0.998\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>N-83\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>20m\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>0.5％\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>1.6\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>0.995\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>N-84\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>30m\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>0.7％\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>2.4\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>0.993\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>N-85\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>50m\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>1.1％\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>4\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>0.989\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>N-100\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>100m\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>2.2％\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>8\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>0.978\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003C/tbody>\u003C/table>\u003Cp>Bridge resistance R = 350 Ω,\u003Cbr>Reciprocating resistance per 1 m of 4-conductor (0.5 mm\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">2\u003C/span>) chloroprene cabtyre extension cable: 0.0794 Ω ≈ 0.08 Ω\u003C/p>",{"category":1189,"title":1190,"id":1191,"learnsearch_type":1192},[1177],"Countermeasures Against Lightning in Civil Engineering Fields","countermeasures-against-lightning",[1193],{"fieldId":27,"body":1194},[1195,1197,1199,1201,1205,1207,1209,1211,1218,1225],{"fieldId":150,"paragraph":1196},"When lightning discharge occurs between thunderclouds or between a thundercloud and the ground, even induced lightning may damage embedded sensors and nearby measuring instruments if the lightning does not strike directly. Since a discharge between thunderclouds or a lightning stroke in the peripheral region abruptly changes the electric charge on the ground surface, it momentarily induces a high voltage between the ground and the signal or power cable of sensors and measuring instruments. Such high voltage may burn the sensor element and the semiconductors of the measuring instrument as well as damage their insulation characteristics.\nTo minimize the possibility of damage to embedded sensors and nearby instruments due to induced lightning surge, the Kyowa lightning arrester kit JB-100D is installed to the connection near each embedded sensor and the lightning arrester unit HJB-001B is mounted to the indicator.\nSince the power line may also be affected by the induced lightning, the lightning resistant transformer or the surge absorber is connected to the power supply.",{"fieldId":131,"title":1198},"Kyowa Lightning Arrester Kit",{"fieldId":33,"title":1200},"JB-100D, 300D",{"fieldId":591,"image":1202,"caption":1204},{"url":1203,"height":626,"width":233},"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/e655c155e9bb4e32bb96f8d5f5129ae5/jb-100d_keyvisual_01.png","JB-100D",{"fieldId":30,"content":1206},"\u003Ch4 id=\"h6de55689cc\">Features\u003C/h4>\u003Cul>\u003Cli>Low discharge start voltage (90 VDC ±20%)\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Strong against repeated surge (8 × 20μs, 500 A, 500 times)\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Endures large surge current (8 × 20 μs, 20 kA, 1 time)\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Small electrostatic capacity (1.5 pF or less)\u003C/li>\u003Cli>High insulation resistance (10000 MΩ or more)\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Applicable embedded sensor:\u003Cbr>BS-25AT, BJ-AT, BR-BT, BEE, BEF, BEM, BEN, BPB, BPB-T, BPC, BT-100B, etc.\u003C/li>\u003C/ul>",{"fieldId":59,"link_name":236,"link_url":1208},"https://product.kyowa-ei.com/en/products/cables/type-jb",{"fieldId":33,"title":1210},"How to Connect Lightning Arrester",{"fieldId":155,"title_left":1212,"image_left":1213,"title_right":1215,"image_right":1216},"(1) To install JB-100D near sensor",{"url":1214,"height":159,"width":160},"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/ea64faaae09d4a46946a0529ece8d269/learn_transducers_countermeasures-against-lightning_01_en.jpg","(2) To insert 2 each lightning arrester elements and diodes in amplifier",{"url":1217,"height":159,"width":160},"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/b964ca6ff6824e9b8cc501ba98d69ad3/learn_transducers_countermeasures-against-lightning_02_en.jpg",{"fieldId":155,"title_left":1219,"image_left":1220,"title_right":1222,"image_right":1223},"(3) To put surge absorber in power supply",{"url":1221,"height":159,"width":160},"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/17e99a0f2617447cabec630fe849dc01/learn_transducers_countermeasures-against-lightning_03_en.jpg","(4) To insert isolation transformer between indicator or power supply and AC outlet",{"url":1224,"height":159,"width":160},"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/68b14ec1164f40089b6fc43d8e7b0527/learn_transducers_countermeasures-against-lightning_04_en.jpg",{"fieldId":30,"content":1226},"\u003Ch3 id=\"hc29227cf85\">Grounding\u003C/h3>\u003Cul>\u003Cli>Connect the GND terminal to the class “A” lightning arrest ground. If the GND terminal is connected to a ground with which another instrument is connected or if good grounding is not possible, the lightning arrester does not make fully function.\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Grounding the cable pipe, duct, joint box and the indicator case ensures satisfactory effect from the viewpoint of electromagnetic shield, also.\u003C/li>\u003C/ul>",{"category":1228,"title":1229,"id":1230,"learnsearch_type":1231},[1177],"How to Obtain Accuracy of Load Cell-Based Weighing System","weighting_system",[1232],{"fieldId":27,"body":1233},[1234],{"fieldId":30,"content":1235},"\u003Cp>To obtain the accuracy of an electronic load cell-based weighing system, load cell installation quality and errors due to vibration, etc. should be considered together with intrinsic errors of load cell and amplifier and ambient temperature change. Here, we explain the method of calculating the system accuracy by taking the case where static errors of load cell and amplifier are main factors affecting the system accuracy. Obtain the accuracy of the detecting system including the load cell and the accuracy of the amplifier. Then, obtain the system accuracy by calculating the square root of the sum of their squares.\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/a59d5eb9e42944dda542c508c339f198/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"382\" height=\"474\">\u003C/figure>",{"category":1237,"title":1238,"id":1239,"learnsearch_type":1240},[1177],"Connection to Calculate Average Output Voltage of the Same Model Transducers","same_model",[1241],{"fieldId":27,"body":1242},[1243],{"fieldId":30,"content":1244},"\u003Cp>If multiple same model transducers are connected in parallel, their average output voltage, "e", can be calculated by the following equation. Also, output resistances of each transducer are equal.\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/aae24b93aa2d479491d164b6a50882b8/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"510\">\u003C/figure>",{"category":1246,"title":1247,"id":1248,"learnsearch_type":1249},[1177],"Equation to Calculate Centrifugal Acceleration","transducers_equation",[1250],{"fieldId":27,"body":1251},[1252],{"fieldId":30,"content":1253},"\u003Cp>\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/805725c3d088430a84fd6f4aaab2a413/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"409\" height=\"100\">\u003C/figure>",{"category":1255,"title":1256,"id":1257,"learnsearch_type":1258},[1177],"Advantages of Remote-Sensing Method","remote_sensing",[1259],{"fieldId":27,"body":1260},[1261],{"fieldId":30,"content":1262},"\u003Cp>In measurement with the highly-accurate transducer connected through a long extension cable, cable conductor resistance and ambient temperature change cause measurement errors. The remote-sensing function removes these factors causing errors and stabilizes the excitation voltage.\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/2c30558235664697bf78e9ad963d62c1/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"290\">\u003C/figure>\u003Cp>If, for example, the 0.5 mm\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">2 \u003C/span>conductor cabtyre cable is extended by 100 m, the conductor resistance is approximately 4.0 Ω. If the cable resistance “r” in Fig. 1 is 4.0 Ω, the reciprocating resistance on the input circuit is 8.0 Ω.Suppose input and output resistances are 350 Ω, then the voltage at both ends of the bridge is:\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/cc72fde66ee040528fcb68d61df4d929/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"260\" height=\"70\">\u003C/figure>\u003Cp>the sensitivity of the transducer lowers by approximately 2.2%. Furthermore, if ambient temperature changes by 10°C during measurement, voltages at both ends of a transducer fluctuates by about 0.1% and accuracy of transducer even 0.02%RO is diminished. As shown inFig.2, the remote-sensing method has one additional pair of cable for detecting errors resulting in 6-conductors.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>In the remote-sensing method, although excitation voltage is lowered by cable resistances "r", this lowered voltage is leaded by detecting wires to an error amplifier and then be compared to standard voltage. This different voltage is amplified by an error voltage amplifier with high-amplification and high-impedance. Then, this voltage output drives a control circuit. As a result, input voltage to bridge is kept constantly without effects of cable resistances, leading to accurate and stable measurements. In this case of remote-sensing method, connections and conductor colors are shown in Fig.2.\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/07124cf69b244728906ad0acbcf1a4d0/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"430\">\u003C/figure>",{"category":1264,"title":1265,"id":1266,"learnsearch_type":1267},[1177],"Installation of Load Cell to Hopper or Tanks","how_to_set",[1268],{"fieldId":27,"body":1269},[1270,1272,1274,1276,1278,1280,1282,1284],{"fieldId":30,"content":1271},"\u003Cp>Usually, it is desirable that a total weight including the tare of hopper or tanks is evenly loaded onto each load cell. If the loading point moves and the centroid is not fixed, estimate the locus of the centroid and referring to the typical position, arrange each load cell so that a maximum load is evenly applied to on each load cell. Also, select load cells of which the rated capacity is enough to cover the expected maximum load.\u003Cbr>There may be two installation methods: standard and simplified. With the standard method, a load is wholly received by only all load cells. With the simplified method, a load is received by combinations of load cells, dummies, pivots and hinges. General installation methods of hoppers and tanks are shown in the below table.\u003C/p>\u003Ch2 id=\"h2b75ae781a\">Features of Standard Method\u003C/h2>\u003Cul>\u003Cli>Load cells receive the whole load, thereby enabling measurement with minimal effect of fluctuation of the centroid.\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Applicable to most substances: solid, powder, or liquid.\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Measurement accuracy receives minimal effect of external factors such as temperature, vibration and installation conditions.\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Accuracy of load cells is fully utilized.\u003C/li>\u003C/ul>\u003Ch2 id=\"h72898f4d6c\">Features of Simplified Method\u003C/h2>\u003Cul>\u003Cli>Reasonable price due to dummies and hinges.\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Applicable to only liquid substances.\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Difficult to be used in special types of hoppers and tanks and inapplicable to tanks and hoppers which centroids move.\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Subject to adverse effects of vibration and temperature.\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Hinges should be installed carefully.\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Subject to adverse effects of vibration and temperature.\u003C/li>\u003C/ul>\u003Ctable>\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Type\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Horizontal\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Vertical\u003Cbr>Cylinder\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Square-shaped\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Shape\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/bd6eeafa644c4582a23e5daca03f8aaf/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\">\u003C/figure>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/05407d9f27ee4a7fbe446f9ee1c98bd2/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\">\u003C/figure>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/de13f2abd4f64ec7bdf7d41c63e5986f/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\">\u003C/figure>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\">\u003Cp>Standard Method\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Load Cells\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>4\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>3\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>4\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Check Rods\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>6 to 8\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>6\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>4 to 8\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"3\">\u003Cp>Simplified Method\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Load Cells\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>2\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>1\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>2\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Dummies\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>2\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>2\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>2\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Check Rods\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>4\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>4\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>4\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003C/tbody>\u003C/table>\u003Ctable>\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Type\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Special\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>1-point\u003Cbr>Hanging\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>2-point\u003Cbr>Hanging\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>3-point\u003Cbr>Hanging\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Shape\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/c644358bdce8438d8458bf09bff8f603/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\">\u003C/figure>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/150c33d067e048f185f9d122d01201eb/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\">\u003C/figure>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/275c9807cd4b400789d6603f1e6ed2fc/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\">\u003C/figure>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/92cd43b8283f439383f42da598f180f5/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\">\u003C/figure>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\">\u003Cp>Standard Method\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Load Cells\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>4\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>1\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>2\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>3\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Check Rods\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>8\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>4 to 6\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>4 to 8\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>6\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"3\">\u003Cp>Simplified Method\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Load Cells\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"3\">\u003Cp>As a rule, the simplified method is not applicable for the special type hopper or tank\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"3\">\u003Cp>-\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"3\">\u003Cp>-\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"3\">\u003Cp>-\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Dummies\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Check Rods\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003C/tr>\u003C/tbody>\u003C/table>",{"fieldId":131,"title":1273},"Typical Installations of Load Cell",{"fieldId":33,"title":1275},"Vertical Cylindrical Tank",{"fieldId":30,"content":1277},"\u003Cp>\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/4bc3e4b4a49d4c9cab92f17c59a50483/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"481\" height=\"219\">\u003C/figure>",{"fieldId":33,"title":1279},"Horizontal Tank",{"fieldId":30,"content":1281},"\u003Cp>\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/adca56cb74d249c7b674ccf653362e0e/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"479\" height=\"212\">\u003C/figure>",{"fieldId":33,"title":1283},"1-Point Hanging",{"fieldId":30,"content":1285},"\u003Cp>\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/b66a4ab127f84375bc615671219cf18f/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"411\" height=\"292\">\u003C/figure>",{"category":1287,"title":1288,"id":1289,"learnsearch_type":1290},[1177],"How to Obtain Proper Rated Capacity of Load Cell","capacity_of_loadcells",[1291],{"fieldId":27,"body":1292},[1293],{"fieldId":30,"content":1294},"\u003Ch2 id=\"hbbaf6b0920\">If the weighing object is a low-viscosity liquid showing less horizontal movement with both the tare and content and initiating less impact,\u003C/h2>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/14a8f2a8e6c5480084d45c42cbf2dd26/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"326\" height=\"85\">\u003C/figure>\u003Cp>If there is vibration, use a higher factor in a range of 1.1 to 1.5 according to the degree of acceleration.\u003Cbr>If the weighing object is powder or high-viscosity liquid,increase the above-mentioned factor to 1.3. If there is vibration, use a higher factor in a range of 1.3 to 1.5.\u003C/p>\u003Ch2 id=\"ha1ab1cce43\">If the weighing object shows less horizontal movement with both the content and tare but initiates large impact,\u003C/h2>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/3879f9df473d4ccf83d9efbdc89d4abe/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"273\" height=\"48\">\u003C/figure>\u003Ch2 id=\"hee1826446a\">If the weighing object shows horizontal movement with both the content and tare and initiates large impact,\u003C/h2>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/f54ffdd20a3e407191d33a4b95ac5a7e/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"225\" height=\"26\">\u003C/figure>\u003Cp>Increase the factor to 1.7 if impact is repeatedly applied. Equations above are on the supposition that the load is evenly allotted to all load cells used in a multiple number. If the load is unevenly allotted, determine the rated capacity considering the load given to the load cell to which the biggest burden is allotted.\u003Cbr>In the case of a hanging application, it is recommended to select a rated capacity 2 times higher than obtained through equations above, to ensure safe operation.\u003C/p>",{"category":1296,"title":1297,"id":1298,"learnsearch_type":1299},[1177],"Graphs to Obtain Power or Work, Rotary Speed and Torque","graph",[1300],{"fieldId":27,"body":1301},[1302],{"fieldId":30,"content":1303},"\u003Cul>\u003Cli>Example (A) : Torque is 1592 N.m when power and rotating speed are 500 kW and 3000 rpm, respectively.\u003C/li>\u003Cli>Example (B) : Power is 20.9 kW when torque and rotating speed are 200 N.m and 1000 rpm, respectively.\u003C/li>\u003C/ul>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/62db5e2b423440b18e7e5a29a4465fde/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"430\" height=\"729\">\u003C/figure>",{"category":1305,"title":1306,"id":1307,"learnsearch_type":1308},[1177],"TEDS","teds",[1309],{"fieldId":27,"body":1310},[1311],{"fieldId":30,"content":1312},"\u003Cp>TEDS is the acronym of Transducer Electronic Data Sheet, which is incorporated into transducer. By reading the electronic data from the transducer, the measuring instrument is automatically placed in proper measuring conditions without manual adjustment. The format of the transducer electronic data written in the sheet is provided in IEEE 1451.4. The data is roughly classified into the following 3 types:\u003C/p>\u003Ch2 id=\"h83f151003d\">Common data\u003C/h2>\u003Cp>Transducer identification data including the manufacturer identification code, model number code and serial number.\u003C/p>\u003Ch2 id=\"he437d0bdef\">Template\u003C/h2>\u003Cp>Transducer performance data including the type of transducer, detecting physical variable, rated capacity, rated output, input resistance, recommended excitation voltage, date of calibration.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>*Note: For transducers providing both positive and negative outputs, an average of both outputs is written as the rated output.\u003C/p>",{"category":1314,"title":1316,"id":1317,"learnsearch_type":1318},[1315],"単位変換表","Temperature conversion table","si_unit_temperature",[1319],{"fieldId":27,"body":1320},[1321],{"fieldId":30,"content":1322},"\u003Ctable>\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Conventional units\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\">\u003Cp>SI unit\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Celsius\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Fahrenheit\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>950ºC\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>1742 ºF\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>1223.15 K\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>500ºC\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>932 ºF\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>773.15 K\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>350ºC\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>662 ºF\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>623.15 K\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>100ºC\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>212 ºF\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>373.15 K\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>50ºC\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>122 ºF\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>323.15 K\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>0ºC\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>32 ºF\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>273.15 K\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>-50ºC\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>-58 ºF\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>223.15 K\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>-100ºC\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>-148 ºF\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>173.15 K\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>-196ºC\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>-320.8 ºF\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>77.15 K\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>-269ºC\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>-452.2 ºF\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>4.15 K\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003C/tbody>\u003C/table>\u003Cp>Calculated based on a conversion factor of [ºC] = [K] − 273.15 ([ºF] = [K] × 9/5 − 459.67), and 3rd digit is rounded.\u003C/p>",{"category":1324,"title":1325,"id":1326,"learnsearch_type":1327},[1315],"Acceleration","si_unit_acceleration",[1328],{"fieldId":27,"body":1329},[1330,1332,1334],{"fieldId":30,"content":1331},"\u003Ctable>\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>SI Unit\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Conventional Unit\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>10m/s\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">2\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>1.020G\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>20m/s\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">2\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>2.039G\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>30m/s\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">2\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>3.059G\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>50m/s\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">2\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>5.099G\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>100m/s\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">2\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>10.20G\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>200m/s\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">2\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>20.39G\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>300m/s\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">2\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>30.59G\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>500m/s\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">2\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>50.99G\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>1000m/s\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">2\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>102.0G\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>2000m/s\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">2\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>203.9G\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>3000m/s\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">2\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>305.9G\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>5000m/s\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">2\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>509.9G\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>10000m/s\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">2\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>1020G\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003C/tbody>\u003C/table>\u003Cp>Calculated based on a conversion factor of 1G = 9.80665m/s\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">2\u003C/span>, and 5th digit is rounded.\u003C/p>",{"fieldId":33,"title":1333},"Unit of Acceleration \"gal\" and Gravitational",{"fieldId":30,"content":1335},"\u003Cp>Acceleration "g"\u003Cbr>Belonging to CGS unit system, gal is a unit used to express gravitational acceleration in geophysics, etc. It is tentatively approved to use in combination with the SI unit.\u003C/p>\u003Cp>Standard gravitational acceleration g = 9.80665 m/s\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">2\u003C/span>\u003C/p>",{"category":1337,"title":1338,"id":1339,"learnsearch_type":1340},[1315],"Torque/Torsion","si_unit_torque",[1341],{"fieldId":27,"body":1342},[1343],{"fieldId":30,"content":1344},"\u003Ctable>\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>SI Unit\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Conventional Unit\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>100mN・m\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>1.020kgf・cm\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>200mN・m\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>2.039kgf・cm\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>300mN・m\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>3.059kgf・cm\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>500mN・m\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>5.099kgf・cm\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>1N・m\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>10.20kgf・cm\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>2N・m\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>20.39kgf・cm\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>3N・m\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>30.59kgf・cm\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>5N・m\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>50.99kgf・cm\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>10N・m\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>1.020kgf・m\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>20N・m\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>2.039kgf・m\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>30N・m\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>3.059kgf・m\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>50N・m\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>5.099kgf・m\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>100N・m\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>10.20kgf・m\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>200N・m\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>20.39kgf・m\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>300N・m\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>30.59kgf・m\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>500N・m\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>50.99kgf・m\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>1kN・m\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>102.0kgf・m\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>2kN・m\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>203.9kgf・m\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>3kN・m\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>305.9kgf・m\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>5kN・m\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>509.9kgf・m\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>10kN・m\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>1.020tf・m\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>20kN・m\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>2.039tf・m\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>30kN・m\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>3.059tf・m\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>50kN・m\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>5.099tf・m\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>100kN・m\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>10.20tf・m\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003C/tbody>\u003C/table>\u003Cp>Calculated based on a conversion factor of 1kgf/ m = 9.80665N・m, and 5th digit is rounded.\u003C/p>",{"category":1346,"title":1347,"id":1348,"learnsearch_type":1349},[1315],"Pressure/Stress","si_unit_pressure",[1350],{"fieldId":27,"body":1351},[1352],{"fieldId":30,"content":1353},"\u003Ctable>\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>SI Unit\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Conventional Unit\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>100Pa\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>1.020gf/cm\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">2\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>200Pa\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>2.039gf/cm\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">2\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>300Pa\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>3.059gf/cm\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">2\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>500Pa\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>5.099gf/cm\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">2\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>1kPa\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>10.20gf/cm\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">2\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>2kPa\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>20.39gf/cm\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">2\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>3kPa\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>30.59gf/cm\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">2\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>5kPa\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>50.99gf/cm\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">2\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>10kPa\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>102.0gf/cm\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">2\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>20kPa\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>203.9gf/cm\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">2\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>30kPa\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>305.9gf/cm\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">2\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>50kPa\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>509.9gf/cm\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">2\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>100kPa\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>1.020kgf/cm\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">2\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>200kPa\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>2.039kgf/cm\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">2\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>300kPa\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>3.059kgf/cm\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">2\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>500kPa\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>5.099kgf/cm\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">2\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>1MPa\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>10.20kgf/cm\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">2\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>2MPa\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>20.39kgf/cm\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">2\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>3MPa\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>30.59kgf/cm\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">2\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>5MPa\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>50.99kgf/cm\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">2\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>10MPa\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>102.0kgf/cm\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">2\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>20MPa\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>203.9kgf/cm\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">2\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>30MPa\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>305.9kgf/cm\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">2\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>50MPa\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>509.9kgf/cm\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">2\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>100MPa\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>1.020tf/cm\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">2\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>200MPa\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>2.039tf/cm\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">2\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>300MPa\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>3.059tf/cm\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">2\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>500MPa\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>5.099tf/cm\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">2\u003C/span>\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003C/tbody>\u003C/table>\u003Cp>Calculated based on a conversion factor of 1kgf/ cm\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">2\u003C/span> = 98.0665kPa, and 5th digit is rounded.\u003C/p>",{"category":1355,"title":1356,"id":1357,"learnsearch_type":1358},[1315],"Force","si_unit_force",[1359],{"fieldId":27,"body":1360},[1361],{"fieldId":30,"content":1362},"\u003Ctable>\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\">\u003Cp>SI Unit\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Cth colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Conventional Unit\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>4th digit\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>5th digit\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>10mN\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>1.020gf\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>1.0197gf\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>20mN\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>2.039gf\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>2.0394gf\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>30mN\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>3.059gf\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>3.0591gf\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>50mN\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>5.099gf\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>5.0986gf\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>100mN\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>10.20gf\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>10.197gf\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>200mN\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>20.39gf\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>20.394gf\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>300mN\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>30.59gf\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>30.591gf\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>500mN\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>50.99gf\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>50.986gf\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>1N\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>102.0gf\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>101.97gf\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>2N\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>203.9gf\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>203.94gf\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>3N\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>305.9gf\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>305.91gf\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>5N\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>509.9gf\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>509.86gf\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>10N\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>1.020kgf\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>1.0197kgf\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>20N\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>2.039kgf\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>2.0394kgf\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>30N\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>3.059kgf\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>3.0591kgf\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>50N\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>5.099kgf\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>5.0986kgf\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>100N\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>10.20kgf\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>10.197kgf\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>200N\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>20.39kgf\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>20.394kgf\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>300N\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>30.59kgf\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>30.591kgf\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>500N\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>50.99kgf\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>50.986kgf\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>1kN\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>102.0kgf\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>101.97kgf\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>2kN\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>203.9kgf\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>203.94kgf\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>3kN\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>305.9kgf\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>305.91kgf\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>5kN\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>509.9kgf\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>509.86kgf\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>10kN\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>1.020tf\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>1.0197tf\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>20kN\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>2.039tf\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>2.0394tf\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>30kN\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>3.059tf\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>3.0591tf\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>50kN\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>5.099tf\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>5.0986tf\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>100kN\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>10.20tf\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>10.197tf\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>200kN\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>20.39tf\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>20.394tf\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>300kN\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>30.59tf\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>30.591tf\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>500kN\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>50.99tf\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>50.986tf\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>1MN\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>102.0tf\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>101.97tf\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>2MN\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>203.9tf\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>203.94tf\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>3MN\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>305.9tf\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>305.91tf\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>5MN\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>509.9tf\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>509.86tf\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003C/tbody>\u003C/table>\u003Cp>Calculated based on a conversion factor of 1kgf = 9.80665N, and 5th or 6th digit is rounded.\u003C/p>",{"category":1364,"title":1366,"id":1367,"learnsearch_type":1368},[1365],"用語集","Technical Terms used for Expression of Software Characteristics (extracted from KYOWA Standard)","software",[1369],{"fieldId":27,"body":1370},[1371],{"fieldId":30,"content":1372},"\u003Ctable>\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Terminology\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Commentary\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Condition File\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>A file containing conditions and settings required to perform specific measurements and analyses.\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Data File\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>A file containing measurement values and related data.\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Y-Time Graph\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>A graph showing how data (Y) changes over time (X).\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>X-Y Graph\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>A graph showing the relationship between different data assigned to the X-axis and Y-axis.\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Bar Graph\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>A graph showing data in a rectangular shape.\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Numeric Display\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Refers to displaying data as numbers.\u003Cbr>This is displayed as a list when using list display.\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Cursor Display\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Refers to displaying a cursor to select certain data on a graph. Displaying the cursor allows for the following to be performed:\u003C/p>\u003Cp>・ Display numbers corresponding to the selected data\u003Cbr>・ Zoom in on the area between two cursors\u003Cbr>・ Display statistical calculation results for data between two cursors\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Auto Scale\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Refers to automatically adjusting the scale of the graph axes to match the data.\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Peak Hold\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Refers to holding the peak value (maximum value) within a specific period. When held, the peak value will be displayed as a bar and number.\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>File Cut Out\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Refers to cutting required data out from a data file and saving it to another data file.\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>File Coupling\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Refers to saving multiple related data files to a single data file.\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>File Conversion\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Refers to converting a data file into another format.\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>File Division\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Refers to dividing a single data file into multiple data files based on certain conditions.\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Batch Processing\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Refers to processing (converting or analyzing) multiple data files together under the same conditions.\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Maximum Data File Size\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>The maximum size of a data file to which data is written during recording. This is represented in B (byte) units.\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Changing Stroke\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>A function used to continuously measure displacement exceeding the rated capacity of the displacement meter.\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Overwriting Multiple Files\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Refers to displaying data for multiple data files in the same display area.\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Collecting File\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Refers to copying data files from the measuring instrument to a PC.\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003C/tbody>\u003C/table>",{"category":1374,"title":1375,"id":1376,"learnsearch_type":1377},[1365],"Technical Terms used for Expression of Pressure Transducer Characteristics (extracted from KYOWA Standard) ","pressure",[1378],{"fieldId":27,"body":1379},[1380],{"fieldId":30,"content":1381},"\u003Ctable>\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Terminology\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Commentary\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Line Pressure (Reference Pressure)\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Reference pressure for differential pressure measurement with differential pressure transducers\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003C/tbody>\u003C/table>",{"category":1383,"title":1384,"id":1385,"learnsearch_type":1386},[1365],"Technical Terms used for Expression of Acceleration Transducer Characteristics (extracted from KYOWA Standard) ","acceleration",[1387],{"fieldId":27,"body":1388},[1389],{"fieldId":30,"content":1390},"\u003Ctable>\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Terminology\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Commentary\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Centroid (Center of Seismic Mass)\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Location of the center of gravity where acceleration is concentratedly applied.\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Damping Ratio\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Ratio of actual damping to critical damping\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Transverse Sensitivity\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>The Transverse Sensitivity is expressed in percentage for Rated Output by the ratio of X which is transducer output by the acceleration on a parallel plane at right angles for a sensitivity axis, and Y which is transducer output by the acceleration to a parallel sensitivity axis.\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Sensitive Axis\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Axis in the sensitive direction of acceleration transducer\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Mounted Resonance Frequency\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Resonance frequency measured by mounting the transducer to a shaker.\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003C/tbody>\u003C/table>",{"category":1392,"title":1393,"id":1394,"learnsearch_type":1395},[1365],"Technical Terms used for Expression of Torque Transducer Characteristics (extracted from KYOWA Standard) ","torque",[1396],{"fieldId":27,"body":1397},[1398],{"fieldId":30,"content":1399},"\u003Ctable>\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Terminology\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Commentary\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Torque Transducers Moment of Inertia\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Magnitude of the energy with which an object tries to maintain the status. In rotational motion, it makes it difficult for an object to change its angular motion in relation with the weight and shape.\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003C/tbody>\u003C/table>",{"category":1401,"title":1402,"id":1403,"learnsearch_type":1404},[1365],"Technical Terms used for Expression of Load Cell Characteristics (extracted from KYOWA Standard) ","loadcells",[1405],{"fieldId":27,"body":1406},[1407],{"fieldId":30,"content":1408},"\u003Ctable>\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Terminology\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Commentary\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Zero Float\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Zero float due to application of one cycle of rated tension and compression loads; expressed in percentage of the rated output. It is also called cyclic zero shift.\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/654dcface96243018f6c4d28664a0690/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"390\" height=\"230\">\u003C/figure>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003C/tbody>\u003C/table>",{"category":1410,"title":1411,"id":1412,"learnsearch_type":1413},[1365],"Technical Terms used for Expression of Displacement Transducer Characteristics (extracted from KYOWA Standard) ","displacement",[1414],{"fieldId":27,"body":1415},[1416],{"fieldId":30,"content":1417},"\u003Ctable>\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Terminology\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Commentary\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Measuring Force (Pullout Force)\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Reaction force of dial gage or tension of wire: expressed in N.\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003C/tbody>\u003C/table>",{"category":1419,"title":1420,"id":1421,"learnsearch_type":1422},[1365],"Technical Terms Common to Expression of Strain-gage Transducer Characteristics (extracted from KYOWA Standard) ","common",[1423],{"fieldId":27,"body":1424},[1425],{"fieldId":30,"content":1426},"\u003Ctable>\u003Ctbody>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Terminology\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Cth colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Commentary\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Rated Capacity\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Design value of the upper limit in the measuring range.\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Rated Load\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Upper limit of load at which the transducer performs to the specifications.\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"3\">\u003Cp>Overload\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Load exceeding the rated capacity.\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Safe Overload Rating\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Maximum overload which may not cause any permanent change to stated specifications, expressed in percentage of the rated capacity.\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Ultimate Overload Rating\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Maximum overload which can be applied without causing any structural damage, expressed in percentage of the rated capacity.\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"4\">\u003Cp>Rated Output\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Value obtained by deducting the output under no load from the output under the rated capacity. Usually, it is expressed in mV/V, mA or equivalent strain.\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Rated Output Voltage\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Rated output expressed with the output voltage at the open end. It is expressed together with the excitation voltage.\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Rated Output Current\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Rated output expressed with the current flowing when connected to a prescribed load impedance. It is expressed together with the excitation voltage and load impedance\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Rated Output Equivalent Strain\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Rated output expressed with a value converted into strain, with the gage factor 2.00.\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Sensitivity\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Ratio of changing output to changing load. Usually, it is expressed in mV/V or x10 \u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">-6\u003C/span> strain per 1-V excitation voltage.\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Calibration Constant\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Ratio of the rated load to the rated output.\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Nonlinearity\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Maximum deviation of output between the calibration curve in the increasing load cycle and the reference line (straight line drawn from the output under no load to the rated output under the rated capacity); expressed in percentage of the rated output.\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/35d1ef363c604907868f122c30313246/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"295\">\u003C/figure>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Hysteresis\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Difference of output between the calibration curve traced in the increasing load cycle and that in the decreasing load cycle. Usually, the calibration curve is reciprocated between the null load and the rated capacity and the maximum difference in outputs corresponding to the same load is defined as the hysteresis, expressed in percentage of the rated capacity.\u003C/p>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https://images.microcms-assets.io/assets/f76ce1c9d600493d9aabe1847913815c/0ccc6dde9fbf4c9bad6334abc57d5381/image.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"289\">\u003C/figure>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Natural Frequency\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Frequency due to free vibration of the transducer under no load.\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Frequency Response Range\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Frequency range in which the output can respond to the input at the same amplitude and phase within certain range of error when the input is steady-state sinusoidal.\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Excitation Voltage\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Voltage applied to the input terminal of transducer.\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Recommended Excitation Voltage\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Maximum excitation voltage with which the transducer can perform to the specifications.\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Safe Excitation Voltage\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Maximum excitation voltage with which the transducer may not perform to the specifications but when the recommended excitation voltage is recovered, the transducer performs to the specifications.\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"3\">\u003Cp>Input/Output Resistance\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Resistance of input or output terminal. Use of the termis limited to the indication of the nominal resistance of an input or output terminal.\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Input Terminal Resistance\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Resistance between input terminals with output terminals open under no load.\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Output Terminal Resistance\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003Ctd colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Resistance between output terminals with input terminals open under no load.\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Temperature Effect on Zero Balance\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Change of zero due to change of ambient temperature; expressed as a change of zero per 1°C in percentage of the rated output (xx% RO/°C).\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Temperature Effect on Output\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Change of gain due to change of ambient temperature, expressed as a change of zero per °C in percentage(xx%/°C).\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Compensated Temperature Range\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Temperature range which guarantees that the transducer performs to the specifications with regard to temperature effects on output and zero balance.\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Safe Temperature Range\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Temperature range in which the transducer may not perform to the specifications but does not receive any permanent change in the specifications\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Repeatability\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Maximum difference between output variables initiated by repeatedly applying the same load under the same conditions. Usually, it is measured using the rated load and expressed in percentage of the average rated output.\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Zero Balance\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Output under no load with the transducer placed in the prescribed posture. Usually, it is expressed in mV/V, x10\u003Cspan class=\"rich_text-sup\">-6\u003C/span>strain or percentage of the rated output.\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Zero Stability\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Degree at which the transducer keeps the zero under prescribed conditions.\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Stability\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Capability of the transducer to keep the characteristics for a comparatively long period. Unless noted, it is the capability to maintain the characteristics such as calibration factor and nonlinearity obtained at the initial calibration, under room conditions and for a prescribed period. If it is expressed by quantitatively numeric values, stability can be called as "degree of stability".\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Interference\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>With a multiple component transducer, effects of the rated output applied to one component on outputs of other components are expressed in percentage of the rated output of each component\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Recommended Tightening Torque\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Tightening torque required to let the transducer perform to the specifications.\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Resonance Frequency\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Frequency of input mechanical vibration causing maximum response output of the transducer.\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Cycling Life\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Minimum number of repeated operations under the rated or prescribed load without exceeding allowable ranges of specified characteristics.\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Degree of Protection\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Degree of protection against invasion of a solid matter or water; expressed using IP rating stipulated in JIS C 0920\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Weight\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Expressed in kg or g. If items other than the mainframe are included, the fact is noted.\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Material\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Material of the mainframe, bottom panel or cable outlet is expressed using the type code stipulated in JIS. Surface treatment such as plating or painting is also noted.\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003Ctr>\u003Cth colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Cable\u003C/p>\u003C/th>\u003Ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"1\">\u003Cp>Cable to be connected to the transducer through the connector or straight cable to the internal circuit. Nominal cross section of conductor, number of conductors, material of shield or sheath, length and nominal outer diameter and condition of the tip are stated.\u003C/p>\u003C/td>\u003C/tr>\u003C/tbody>\u003C/table>",{"category":1428,"title":844,"description":852,"thumbnail":1429,"learnsearch_type":1430,"id":845,"createdAt":1437,"updatedAt":1438,"publishedAt":1438,"revisedAt":1438},[761],{"url":851,"height":307,"width":308},[1431],{"fieldId":27,"body":1432},[1433,1435,1436],{"fieldId":591,"image":1434,"copy":852},{"url":851,"height":307,"width":308},{"fieldId":854,"link_name":855,"link_url":856,"login":857},{"fieldId":30,"content":859},"2026-06-03T02:33:09.284Z","2026-06-05T07:19:17.387Z",1781954342265]